برآورد نیازهای گرمایی پروانه چوبخوار پسته Kermania pistaciella Amsel در شرایط صحرایی

The pistachio twig borer moth, Kermania pistaciella Amsel (Lep.: Tineidae) is one of the most important pests of pistachio trees (Pistacia vera L.) in Iran. This study was carried out in two pistachio orchards of Rafsanjan area. Periods of pupal cocoon and adult emergence were recorded in two pistachio orchards for four years. Minimum threshold temperatures were calculated according to the least coefficient of variation method for different developmental stages. Cumulative effective temperatures were calculated for different percentages of pupal cocoon and adult emergence. Results showed that minimum threshold temperatures for overwintering larvae to pupal cocoon formation, Larvae to adult and pupal cocoon to adult were calculated 10ْ C, 11ْ C and 12ْ C, respectively. Cumulative effective temperatures for occurrence of 50% pupal cocoon from overwintering larvae with minimum threshold temperatures 10ْ C under field conditions were 73.6 degree-day. Cumulative effective temperatures for occurrence of 65% adult emergence from overwintering larvae with minimum threshold temperature of 11ْ C under field conditions were 213.8 degree-day. Cumulative effective temperature for occurrence of 65% adult emergence from 5% pupal cocoon, 50% pupal cocoon and 5% adult emergence with minimum threshold temperature of 12 ْ C were 145.3, 126.9 and 71.6 degree days, respectively.