تحول اداری و نوسازی سیاسی

"Development" and "modernization" or "modernity" are related concepts that are widely but variously used to refer to major social, economic and political changes. Some scholars equate political development with the ability of a political system to grow and adjust to new demands put upon it. The environment of bureaucracy may be visualized as series of concentric circles, with bureaucracy at the center. The smallest circle generally has the most decisive influence and the larger circles represent a descending order of importance as far as bureaucracy is concerned. We may visualize the largest circle as represent a descending order of importance as far as bureaucracy is concerned. We may visualize the largest circle as representing all of the society or the general social system. The next circle represents the economic system or the economic aspects of the social system. The inner circle is the political system it encloses the administrative subsystem and the bureaucracy as one of its elements. Administrative development occurs only if we find a bureaucracy.. In this sense, administrative development is a counterpart of political development. To determine whether a given system is likely to undergo developmental change, one would have to not only measure its current degree of structural differentiation and the level of performance it has attained, but also measure in some fashion the resources available to the system from its environment, and the extent of the challenges it has to meet.