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[ 1 ] - ‌Optimal design of onboard energy storage systems with volume limitation for urban electrical rail transportation

Train braking energy regeneration in urban electrical rail transportation systems can reduce energy consumption and operational cost of the system. In this paper, optimal design of an onboard energy storage system (OESS) with volume constraint is presented for urban electrical rail transportation systems (ERTS). Onboard super-capacitors are considered as the storage system. The objective functi...