abstract bee venom is a complex mixture of proteins, peptides and low molecular components: proteins (enzymes) :( phospholipase, a2phospholipase b, hyaluronidase α – glucosidase) - , peptides (melittin, apamine mcd peptide,adolapine ,procamine a and b, protease inhibitors)- low molecular components: biogenic amines:( histamine, dopamine and noradrenalin) - pheromones: complex ethers- sugars :( ...

The synthesis of organic nitriles without using toxic cyanides is in great demand but challenging to make. Here we report an environmentally benign and cost-efficient synthesis of nitriles from the direct oxidative cyanation of primary carbon-hydrogen bonds with easily available molecular oxygen and urea. The key to this success is to design and synthesize manganese oxide catalysts fixed inside...

Biocatalysts display a remarkable capability to function under normal temperature and pressure with high specificity and are poten­ tially very economical. Bioconversion of nitri le compounds to a number of economically important compounds is described. A wide variety of microorganisms having the ability to metabolize different nitriles and discovered during the last two decades are described. ...

Microwave assisted CpCo(CO)(2) catalyzed cross-cyclotrimerizations of 1,7,9,15-hexadecatetrayne with two different nitriles to give unsymmetrically substituted bis(tetrahydroisoquinolines) was studied. The reaction proceeded with a range of alkyl and aryl nitriles with reasonable isolated yields.

The Front Cover shows 5-bromo-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)pyridine – one of many sp3-enriched pyridine derivatives prepared on a multigram scale by group Ukrainian chemists. background photo Anatolii Varenyk depicts the Kilometre Zero Ukraine Sign (also known as “The Winged Globe”) control point located Independence Square (Maidan Nezalezhnosti) in Kyїv. More information can be found Research A...

quorum sensing controls the luminescence of vibrio fischeri through the transcriptional activator luxr and the specific autoinducer signal produced by luxi. amino acid sequences of these two genes were analyzed using bioinformatics tools. luxi consists of 193 amino acids and appears to contain five α-helices and six ß-sheets when analyzed by sspro8. luxi belongs to the autoinducer synthetase fa...

Co-Salox complexes are suitable catalysts for the reduction of prochiral α,β-unsaturated esters. These ligands can be prepared in a single step from available and inexpensive materials, thus representing an easily accessible alternative to previously reported Co-catalysts. NaBH4 is employed as reducing agent presence EtOH proton source, leading stereoselective formation chiral esters, amides, n...

A palladium-catalyzed desulfitative cyanation of arenesulfonyl chlorides and sodium sulfinates has been developed, providing aryl nitriles in moderate to excellent yields. It represents a facile procedure to access aryl nitriles.