Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA)-mediated ortholithiations of 2-fluoropyridine and 2,6-difluoropyridine in tetrahydrofuran at -78 °C were studied using a combination of IR and NMR spectroscopic and computational methods. Rate studies show that a substrate-assisted deaggregation of LDA dimer occurs parallel to an unprecedented tetramer-based pathway. Standard and competitive isotope effects confir...

Voluntary running in an activity wheel establishes aversion to paired taste in rats. A proposed mechanism underlying this taste aversion learning is gastrointestinal discomfort caused by running. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the pica behavior (kaolin clay intake) of rats, because it is known that rats engage in pica behavior after various nausea-inducing treatments including irradiati...

Microglia activation and associated inflammatory response are involved in the pathogenesis of different neurodegenerative diseases. We have reported that Notch-1 and NF-κB/p65 signalling pathways operate in synergy in regulating the production of proinflammatory mediators in activated microglia. In the latter, there is also evidence by others that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) mediates t...

We have examined the developmental potential of blastomeres isolated from either the animal (mesomeres) or vegetal (macromeres-micromeres) half of 16-cell embryos of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. We have also examined the effects of two known vegetalizing agents on the development of isolated mesomeres; LiCl treatment and combination with micromeres, the small blastomeres found at the veget...

Diphtheria toxin-mediated, acute ablation of hypothalamic neurons expressing agouti-related protein (AgRP) in adult mice leads to anorexia and starvation within 7 d that is caused by hyperactivity of neurons within the parabrachial nucleus (PBN). Because NMDA glutamate receptors are involved in various synaptic plasticity-based behavioral modifications, we hypothesized that modulation of the NR...

Through conditioned food aversion learning, livestock can be trained to avoid eating harmful plants. The objectives of this study were to determine whether social facilitation will extinguish an aversion to larkspur (a poisonous plant on mountain rangelands) and to determine whether the aversion can be reinforced to withstand social facilitation in a group-feeding and field-grazing situation. T...

PURPOSE To investigate the effect of carbachol on the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (OS) in cultures of normal Long-Evans and dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS Retinal pigment epithelial cells from normal and RCS rats were grown in tissue culture. On reaching confluence, they were presented with OS suspended in Krebs-...

Background: Eight Lactobacillus reuteri strains, previously isolated from breast-fed human infant feces, were selected to assess the potential contribution of their surface proteins in probiotic activity. These strains were treated with 5 M LiCl to remove their surface proteins, and their tolerance to simulated stomach-duodenum passage, cell surface characteristics, autoaggregation, adhesion, a...

A cellulose solvent system based on lithium chloride (LiCl) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) was used to assess the merits of partial dissolutions of coarsely ground wood samples. Alkaline Copper Quaternary (ACQ)-treated pine wood was of particular interest for treatment given the potential to generate a copper-rich stream apart from solid and/or liquid lignocellulosic feedstocks. Treatment wi...

The present study sought to determine whether central glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-receptor signalling contributes to the anorexigenic effects of systemically administered lithium chloride (LiCl). Male Sprague-Dawley rats with chronic intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulas were acclimated to a feeding schedule that included daily 30-min access to palatable mash. In the first experiment, ICV ...