XY -simulation is a generalization of bisimulation that is parameterized with two subsets of actions. XY -simulation is known in the literature under different names such as modal refinement, partial bisimulation, and alternating simulation. In this paper, we propose a precongruence rule format for XY -simulation. The format allows for checking compositionality of XY -simulation for an arbitrar...

The word problem for confluent Thue systems is linear-time and for almost confluent systems it is PSPACE-complete. Here we consider a single length-preserving rule, of the form xy ↔ yx, whose word problem could turn out to be tractable. A search for normal forms leads to the conjecture that if xy ↔ xy then m = p and n = q. We prove a stronger version of this: in a group G with the single relato...

We study the entanglement in the quantum Heisenberg XY model in which the so-called W entangled states can be generated for 3 or 4 qubits. By the concept of concurrence, we study the entanglement in the time evolution of the XY model. We investigate the thermal entanglement in the two-qubit isotropic XY model with a magnetic field and in the anisotropic XY model, and find that the thermal entan...

Despite the diversity in sex determination across organisms, theory predicts that the evolution of XY females is rare in mammals due to fitness consequences associated with infertility or the loss of YY zygotes. We investigated this hypothesis from a phylogenetic perspective by examining the inter- and intraspecific distribution of Y chromosomes in males and females (XY females) in South Americ...

Contrary to the expected XX/XY sex chromosome complements in hermaphroditism, a variety of karyotypes have been reported instead. Dewhurst et al. (1965) summarized from published reports the karyotypic findings in 27 patients with convincing evidence ofhermaphroditism, as follows: 46,XX (17); 46,XY (2); 46,XX/47,XXX (1); 46,XX/46,XX + Frag (1); 46,XX/46,XY (3); 46,XX/47,XXY/ 49,XXYYY (1); 46,XX...

A total of 15 immobilizations were performed on 12 common genets (Genetta genetta) with a combination of ketamine hydrochloride (KE) and xylazine hydrochloride (XY). Ten immobilizations were successful using a single mean administration of 5.7 mg/kg (SD = 1.7) KE and 9.8 mg/kg (SD = 2.9) XY; five immobilizations required supplemental doses that averaged 3.4 mg/kg KE and 1.9 mg/kg XY. Initial do...

Five phenotypic females in one family had the genotype 46,XY and all had gonadal germ cell tumours. Studies of the family pedigree suggest that this form of XY gonadal dysgenesis is inherited in an X linked recessive manner. G banding of elongated metaphase chromosomes from two subjects with XY gonadal dysgenesis and a female carrier showed no aberrations of the X chromosome. The titres of H-Y ...

Contrary to the expected XX/XY sex chromosome complements in hermaphroditism, a variety of karyotypes have been reported instead. Dewhurst et al. (1965) summarized from published reports the karyotypic findings in 27 patients with convincing evidence ofhermaphroditism, as follows: 46,XX (17); 46,XY (2); 46,XX/47,XXX (1); 46,XX/46,XX + Frag (1); 46,XX/46,XY (3); 46,XX/47,XXY/ 49,XXYYY (1); 46,XX...

To apply genetic programming (GP) to evolve λ-expressions, we devised an encoding scheme that encodes λ-expressions into trees. This encoding has closure property, i.e., any combination of terminal and non-terminal symbols forms a valid λ-expression. We applied this encoding to a simple symbolic regression problem over Church numerals and the objective function f(x) = 2x was successfully obtain...