Median sternotomy due to its technical simplicity and excellent exposure of the heart, great vessels and pulmonary hila is the most common incision performed in cardiothoracic surgery worldwide [1]. Originally described by Julian more than 100 years ago and re-induced by Milton in 1957, median sternotomy replaced gradually thoracotomy or bilateral transverse sternothoracotomy (clamshell incisio...

rhs work W U I c!onc 31 hila f h t f i n t c ~ i i ~ f i o r 1% us on \ahbuti<c,! system design and scheduling algorithm and avoiding poor or erroneous choices. The scheduling theory literature is so vast that we can’t pretend to be comprehensive, but this article does present a minimum set of results and their implications. The set includes Jackson’s rule, Smith’s rule, McNaughton’s theorem, L...

Virulence factors generally enhance a pathogen's fitness and thereby foster transmission. However, most studies of pathogen fitness have been performed by averaging the phenotypes over large populations. Here, we have analyzed the fitness costs of virulence factor expression by Salmonella enterica subspecies I serovar Typhimurium in simple culture experiments. The type III secretion system ttss...

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a major intestinal pathogen of both humans and animals. Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1)-encoded virulence genes are required for S. Typhimurium invasion. While oxygen (O2) limitation is an important signal for SPI-1 induction under host conditions, how the signal is received and integrated to the central SPI-1 regulatory syst...

During our dissection classes, we observed a lobulated spleen with multiple hila and fissures. The spleen presented 4 hila and 5 deep fissures. The hila were seen on the visceral surface. The fissures extended into the substance of the spleen from superior border, inferior border and the visceral surface. Because of these fissures, the spleen appeared to be lobulated, having seven distinct lobe...

Salmonella Typhimurium is attracting world wide attention as it continues to cause foodborne illness to human beings. The organism is resistant to a wide range of anti-infectious agents and as a result the illness is more difficult to treat. The objective of this study was to analyze the expression of specific virulence and stress genes (hilA and rpoS) in Salmonella Typhimurium at various nutri...

وراثت مقاومت سفیدبالک گلخانه، Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)، به دو ترکیب ایمیداکلوپرید و کلرپایریفوس مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. در این پژوهش، از جمعیت فیلستان ورامین (FL) عنوان والد مقاوم فردیس کرج (FR) حساس استفاده شد. مقدار ترتیب حدودا 62/13 91/14 برابر بود. عدم وجود اختلاف معنی‌دار LC50 روی تلاقی‌های F1 (R♂×S♀) Fʹ1 (R♀×S♂) نشان داد که T. نوع اتوزومی (غیرجنسی) است. ه...

En este texto se examina el fructífero diálogo sobre la naturaleza de historia consignado en Diario lectura que lleva Ernesto Volkening (1908-1983) los Escolios Nicolás Gómez Dávila (1913-1994). Entre escolios y comentarios hila una concepción que, a pesar ser fragmentaria, guarda auspiciosa coherencia. El historiador, hecho histórico individuo son conceptos centrales respecto cuales compone pe...

Los caudales de agua riego se han medido tradicionalmente en Valencia mediante una medida aforo llamada fila, la que hasta ahora desconocía su verdadera naturaleza y valor, a pesar ser un tema ampliamente discutido desde hace siglos. En este artículo plantea solución esta discusión, estableciéndose fila o hila, herencia andalusí, tenía triple condición según cantidad disponible. Así, habitualme...