The Toll family of transmembrane proteins participates in signaling infection during the innate immune response. We analyzed the nine Drosophila Toll proteins and found that wild-type Toll-9 behaves similar to gain-of-function Toll-1. Toll-9 activates strongly the expression of drosomycin, and utilizes similar signaling components to Toll-1 in activating the antifungal gene. The predicted prote...

This paper proposes a concept of how to collect toll on highways. Unlike any existing method, the proposed approach requires no structure to be built on highways for the toll collection purpose and drivers are not required to stop or even slow down to pay toll. Toll must be prepaid in advance and a driver must keep a toll ticket as proof of payment. We apply public key cryptographic operations ...

الأهداف: هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى التعرف على فاعلية النموذج التعليمي (SSCS )في تحسين التفكير التأملي في الرياضيات لدى طلبة الصف العاشر. المنهجية: استخدامت المنهج شبه التجريبي بقياس قبلي و بعدي وتكونت عينة من(40) طالبة وزعوا بالتساوي مجموعتي الضابطة والتجريبية، ولتحقيق أهداف تم بناء اختبار بمهاراته الخمسة (التأمل والملاخظة،الكشف عن المغالطات، الوصول استنتاجات، إعطاء تفسيرات مقنعة، وضع حلول مقترح...

background: it has been suggested that malfunction of immune system may cause testicular cancer. recently, our understanding of innate immune system has been expanded, by discovery of “toll- like receptors” (tlrs). some studies have shown that polymorphisms of tlr2 and 4 can effect on the risk of cancer. also, the role of tlrs 3and 9 have been shown in apoptosis of cancer cells and metastasis i...

objective(s) using a cancer murine model of invasive aspergillosis (ia), we investigated the expression of tlr-2, dectin-1 and the level of cytokine production by cd4+ t helper cells in different groups of mice (with or without cancer), also, the effect of invasive aspergillosis on the immune response pattern of cancer mice. materials and methods patterns of susceptibility and resistance to inf...

kawasaki disease (kd) is an acute febrile systemic vasculitis of childhood characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory mediators at the acute stage. high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) is well accepted as a conventional therapy for kd. the aim of the present study was to determine the expression level of toll like receptors (tlrs) and their corresponding signaling mediators in pbmc...

background macrophages play critical roles in innate immune response in the liver. whether macrophages participate in liver innate immunity against hcv replication is poorly understood objectives the aim of this study was to investigate the role of macrophages in liver innate immunity against hcv replication. conclusions macrophages may play an important role in liver innate immunity against hc...

background: it is not yet known which types of toll-like receptors (tlrs) are most effective in helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) recognition. it is also not known which gastric zones have the most prominent roles in tlr-mediated bacterial recognition. the aim of this work was to analyze the expression of tlr2 and tlr4 in biopsy specimens from h. pylori-infected patients. methods: thirty-eight pa...

Toll, a transmembrane molecule with extracellular leucine-rich repeats, is dynamically expressed by the Drosophila embryonic musculature. Growth cones of RP3 and other motoneurons normally grow past Toll-positive muscle cells and innervate more distal muscle cells, which have down-regulated their Toll expression. In this study, we show that reciprocal genetic manipulations of Toll proteins can ...