a. Rationale for protection. The protection of confidential business information dates at least to Roman law, which afforded relief against a person who induced another's employee to divulge secrets relating to the master's commercial affairs. The modern law of trade secrets evolved in England in the early 19th century, apparently in response to the growing accumulation of technical know-how an...

The aim of the short paper is to present the first stages of a unique project to develop historically accurate human characters and period clothing using art, design and architecture techniques and experience. We are designing and modelling 19th Century buildings and 3D virtual characters according to the original photographs, drawings, paintings, cloth samples, leather and other materials. The...

As Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. [4, 5] and others have shown, the scale of manufacturing was transformed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The enormous increases in manufacturing throughput also motivated many firms to internalize the marketing function in order to effect comparable increases in sales. These developments would not have been profitable, however, without corresponding changes...

The works of Polish philosophers, historians and classicists on the Euthyphro in the 19th century developed independently of any translations of the dialogue, even though two Polish translations of the dialogue were published (Platon 1858 and 1881) in the century1. The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence for a twofold interest that Polish readers had for Plato’s Euthyphro in the second...

This article explores the application of ideas about path dependence to the study of national political regime change. It first reviews the central components of pathdependent explanation, including the concepts of critical juncture and legacy. This mode of explanation is then employed in the analysis of diverging regime trajectories in Central America during the 19th and 20th centuries. The ar...

The end of the 19th century was the starting point of many discoveries in the field of the neurophysiology. At that time, only basic technical approaches were available, and new discoveries depended on few results and lots of deductions. Furthermore, the scientific community was often debating on theoretical speculations and was often divided. I have chosen to present a German neurophysiologist...

Since the 19th century, opium has been produced and consumed in the areas of Asia, currently referred to as the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle (1). The Golden Crescent lies in South and Southwest Asia, including districts in the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan, the adjacent Badakhshan area of Afghanistan and the Baluchistan area of Iran. The area has been the scene of tradition...

Many consider that Evolution and Creation are alternatives and therefore that one must make a choice between these two explanations of the natural world. This difficulty has dogged the debate since Darwin presented his explanation of the multiplicity and development of species in the 19th C. and even before. The issue has therefore become polarised and often the subject of bitter controversy. H...

America's dual interest in social welfare and practical science fueled the emergence of social psychology in the late 19th century. By that century's end, psychologists had presented diverse and sometimes contesting models of social psychology. These varied conceptualizations, however, were challenged by the discipline's growing dedication to the scientific method and experimentation, as well a...

This paper reports on the initial stages of an ongoing study of 19th century Wisconsin bank sources and uses of funds. Data on 19th century Wisconsin state, private, and national bank shareholders, and owners from 1860 through 1900 are used to explore the following questions: (1) Where did the equity capital invested in Wisconsin banks originate and how did this and other shareholder characteri...