The loading of MHC class I molecules with peptides involves a variety of accessory proteins, including TAP-associated glycoprotein (tapasin), which tethers empty MHC class I molecules to the TAP peptide transporter. We have evaluated the role of tapasin for the assembly of peptides with the class Ib molecule Qa-1b. In normal cells, Qa-1b is predominantly bound by a peptide, the Qa-1 determinant...

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) is a ubiquitously expressed cytosolic phosphatase with the ability to dephosphorylate JAK2 and TYK2, and thereby down-regulate cytokine receptor signaling. Furthermore, PTP-1B levels are up-regulated in certain chronic myelogenous leukemia patients, which points to a potential role for PTP-1B in myeloid development. The results presented here show that t...

Many molecular and cellular abnormalities detected in the diabetic retina support a role for IL-1b-driven neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. IL-1b is well known for its role in the induction and, through autostimulation, amplification of neuroinflammation. Upregulation of IL-1b has been consistently detected in the diabetic retina; however, the mechanisms and cellula...

Object relative clauses (as in 1b) are more difficult to process than subject relative clauses (1a) (King and Just, 1991). Dependency Locality Theory (DLT; Gibson, 2000) accounts for this effect in terms of long-distance dependencies: The integration cost at in (1a) is lower than at in (1b) because just one argument () needs to be integrated in (1a), whereas in (1b), two arguments (chairman and...

The Caribbean and Central America are among the regions with highest HIV-1B prevalence worldwide. Despite of this high virus burden, little is known about the timing and the migration patterns of HIV-1B in these regions. Migration is one of the major processes shaping the genetic structure of virus populations. Thus, reconstruction of epidemiological network may contribute to understand HIV-1B ...

The epithelial cell-specific adaptor complex AP-1B is crucial for correct delivery of many transmembrane proteins from recycling endosomes to the basolateral plasma membrane. Subsequently, membrane fusion is dependent on the formation of complexes between SNARE proteins located at the target membrane and on transport vesicles. Although the t-SNARE syntaxin 4 has been localized to the basolatera...

A platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist reduced the release of macrophage inflammatory protein 1b (MIP-1b) during endotoxemia in chimpanzees but did not influence the secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody completely prevented MCP-1 release and simultaneously enhanced the secretion of MIP-1b. Levels of MIP-1b and MC...

At least three different promoter regions (1A, 1B, and 1C) are involved in the expression of the human GR gene. Promoters 1B and 1C are found in a 2800 bp region of DNA immediately upstream of the exon 1C transcriptional initiation site. Transcripts containing either exon 1B or 1C are expressed in a wide variety of human tissues and cultured cells. Luciferase reporter constructs were created co...