On the circular curve, lateral acceleration affects comfort. On the spiral, both lateral acceleration and jerk affect comfort.  The determination of maximum curving speed on the basis of lateral acceleration only is not critical because the lateral acceleration is proportional to the square of speed whereas jerk is proportional to cubic power of speed. The maximum speed on a curve is thus signi...

Independently developed orbit determination software is used to analyze the orbits of Pioneer 10 and 11 using Doppler data. The analysis takes into account the gravitational fields of the Sun and planets using the latest JPL ephemerides, accurate station locations, signal propagation delays (e.g., the Shapiro delay, atmospheric effects), the spacecrafts’ spin, and maneuvers. New to this analysi...

Investigating animal energy expenditure across space and time may provide more detailed insight into how animals interact with their environment. This insight should improve our understanding of how changes in the environment affect animal energy budgets and is particularly relevant for animals living near or within human altered environments where habitat change can occur rapidly. We modeled f...

‎We firstly prove the completeness of the category of crossed modules in a modified category of interest‎. ‎Afterwards‎, ‎we define pullback crossed modules and pullback cat objects that are both obtained by pullback diagrams with extra structures on certain arrows‎. ‎These constructions unify many corresponding results for the cases of groups‎, ‎commutative algebras and can also be adapted to ...

Dynamic filters for real-time trajectory generation can be designed in different ways with quite different levels of performances and complexity. However, one can observe that the configurations of such filters are based on two main schemes: systems composed of a chain of integrators with a feedback control and systems formed of a sequence of linear filters disposed in a cascade configuration. ...

The minimum possible value of the average deceleration head a player engaged in an impact sport such as football or hockey, result his/her helmet with surface another player, is inversely proportional to padding thickness. Since there are practical limits its maximum thickness, it difficult significantly reduce acceleration. There evidence, however, that peak, rather than average, acceleration ...

The inverse square law of gravity is poorly probed by experimental tests at distances of ∼ 10 AUs. Recent analysis of the trajectory of the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft have shown an unmodeled acceleration directed toward the Sun which was not explained by any obvious spacecraft systematics, and occurred when at distances greater than 20 AUs from the Sun. If this acceleration represents a depar...

If supernova remnants (SNRs) are the site of cosmicray acceleration, the associated nuclear interactions should result in an observable flux of γ-rays for the nearest SNRs. Measurements of the TeV γ-ray flux from six nearby, radio-bright SNRs have been made with the Whipple Observatory imaging air Čerenkov telescope over the period September 1993 to June 1996. No significant emission has been d...

There is a need for objective measures of dyskinesia and bradykinesia of Parkinson's disease (PD) that are continuous throughout the day and related to levodopa dosing. The output of an algorithm that calculates dyskinesia and bradykinesia scores every two minutes over 10 days (PKG: Global Kinetics Corporation) was compared with conventional rating scales for PD in PD subjects. The algorithm re...