In eusocial insects, particularly in ants, caste differentiation is extremely complicated when we rely on traditional taxonomy. most species, the worker does not display any distinct morphological characters neither caste’s central division according to their size variations. We used a landmark-based geometric morphometric approach quantify characteristics of female systems (queen, major and mi...

Abstract Mussel shells are often found in archaeological excavations and can provide information useful for ecological reconstruction assessment of anthropogenic impact on waters. In this study, two sample groups swollen river mussel ( Unio tumidus ) which occurred during the Early Middle Ages (EMS) currently (MS) Oder estuary (Baltic basin) were compared. Allometric shell growth, morphological...

The design of living beings is not only a matter of molecular biology but also of geometry and physics. This was once more demonstrated with a biophysical model by G. B. West et al. (1) that had been fine-tuned to predict the famous scaling law of metabolism (2), namely a 3/4 power relation between body mass and energy consumption. While properties and predictions of the model are remarkable, a...

Urban space expansion is the result of interaction between internal and external forces urban. Based on remote sensing image data 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020, social economic development data, this paper analyzes driving mechanism Luoyang characteristics its correlation characteristics. By using urban land use efficiency index, elastic index; allometric growth grey analysis in 4 times sections 3 per...

15 Some of the constraints related to locomotion and activity metabolism can be illustrated through allometric comparisons of mammals and lizards, as representative terrestrial vertebrate endotherms and ectotherms, respectively, because these lineages differ greatly in aerobic metabolic capacities, resting energetic costs, and thermoregulatory patterns. Allometric comparisons are both useful an...

Nutrient budgets for forested ecosystems have rarely included error analysis, in spite of the importance of uncertainty to interpretation and extrapolation of the results. Uncertainty derives from natural spatial and temporal variation and also from knowledge uncertainty in measurement and models. For example, when estimating forest biomass, researchers commonly report sampling uncertainty but ...

This paper presents a computer-based analytical framework for the spatio-temporal evolution of urban systems using the ideas from the allometric growth associated with fractals. Both cities as systems and systems of cities follow the law of allometric growth, and the scaling factors of the allometric relations can compose the matrix equations as eigenfunctions. The fractal dimension arrays are ...