let d be a division ring with centre k and dim, d< ? a valuation on k and v a noninvariant extension of ? to d. we define the initial ramfication index of v over ?, ?(v/ ?) .let a be a valuation ring of o with maximal ideal m, and v , v ,…, v noninvariant extensions of w to d with valuation rings a , a ,…, a . if b= a , it is shown that the following conditions are equivalent: (i) b is a finite...

The valuation of ecosystem services is a complex process as it includes several dimensions (ecological, socio-cultural and economic) and not all of these can be quantified in monetary units. The aim of this paper is to conduct an ecosystem services valuation study for mangroves ecosystems, the results of which can be used to inform governance and management of mangroves. We used an expert-based...

The goal of this chapter is to review recent neurobiological evidence to improve our understanding of human valuation under uncertainty. Although we are ultimately interested in human behavior, we will borrow from studies of animals with related brain structures, namely, non-human primates. Specifically, we wish to explore how valuation is accomplished? As we shall see, the evidence rejects a p...

hara biosphere reserve in southern hormozgan province with 85686 hectares areas is located between bandar khamir and queshm island. this area can be considered as the most spectacular regions of iran for a unique coastal seascape. mangrove forests and amazing biodiversity make this region as the most significant ecotourism areas throughout the country. this research attempts to determine recrea...