There has been a move away from vaccines composed of whole or inactivated antigens toward subunit-based vaccines, which although safe, provide less immunological protection. As a result, the use of adjuvants to enhance and direct adaptive immune responses has become the focus of much targeted bovine vaccine research. However, the mechanisms by which adjuvants work to enhance immunological prote...

Due to the poor immunogenicity of subunit protein antigens, there is a need to use adjuvants in order to generate effective immune responses. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is one of the best characterized pro-angiogenic cytokine and is a candidate target for anticancer therapy. We used truncated bFGF (tbFGF) combined with engineered pVAX-n...

Formalin-killed promastigotes (FKP) of Leishmania major, in combination with Montanide ISA 720 (MISA), BCG or alum were used in vaccination of an inbred murine model against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Significant and specific increases in anti-FKP IgG responses were detected for both alum-FKP and BCG-FKP compared to MISA-FKP (p < 0.001). Significant increases in splenic lymphocyte recall pro...

The treatment of organics present in the lower reaches of a major river system (the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia) before (March-July 2010), during (December 2010-May 2011) and after (April-December 2012) a major flood period was investigated. The flood period (over 6months) occurred during an intense La Niña cycle, leading to rapid and high increases in river flows and organic loads in the r...

House dust mite (HDM) is the major source of allergen in house dust and is strongly associated with the development of asthma. HDM can evoke a direct, nonallergic inflammatory reaction in vitro. We aimed to determine whether this apparent nonallergic, inflammatory response can be observed in a more complex in vivo setting. Vehicle, Alum or HDM (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 5 microg, i.p. with...

This article describes a research attempt to integrate the dewatered alum sludge, a residual by-product of drinking water treatment process, into a constructed wetland (CW) system for the purpose of enhancing the wastewater treatment performance, thus developing a so called alum sludge-based constructed wetland system. A multi-dimensional research project including the batch tests of phosphorus...

background: naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist shifts the immune response toward a th1 profile. in the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of the mixture of ntx and alum, as a new adjuvant, to enhance immune response and induce protection against leishmania major in a mouse model. methods : balb/c mice were immunized three times either autoclaved l. major promastigotes’ antigens alo...

Intensification of the dairy industry in southern Idaho has led to the overapplication of manures and a buildup of soil phosphorus (P), which is a potential threat to water quality in the region. As the use of alum has been shown to reduce both soluble manure P and runoff P from alum-treated manures, the objective of this study was to determine if surface applications of alum to dairy manure an...

The use of Fenton's reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) and Fenton-like reagents containing transition metals of Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) for an alum sludge conditioning to improve its dewaterability was investigated. The results obtained were compared with those obtained from conditioning the same alum sludge using cationic and anionic polymers. Experimental results show that Fenton's reagent was th...