In Iran 8% of HIV- infected cases are women. Since most of them are young and in childbearing ages, in case of becoming pregnant and not receiving preventive measures, they can infect their child. Without Preventive measures transmission rate is 15 to 45 percent. Several factors such as sever stage of HIV and AIDS ,CD4 low count, high viral loud, acute retroviral phase, STDs, vaginal delivery, ...

BACKGROUND Associations between early mother-child mutually responsive orientation (MRO) and children's conscience have been previously established, but the mechanisms accounting for those links are not understood. We examined three such mediational mechanisms: (a) the child's enhanced enjoyment of interactions with the mother, (b) increased committed, self-regulated compliance with the mother,...

Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with impairments in the mother-child relationship, and these impairments are themselves associated with adverse child outcomes. Thus, compared to the children of non-depressed mothers, children of mothers with (PND) are more likely to be insecurely attached, and to have externalizing behavior problems and poor cognitive development. Each of these three c...

the role of the motherhood is the most important factor in individual and social life of the human beings. mother willingly and /or, unwillingly, plays her role in the destination of child via various factors. some of these factors are experimental whereas, some not. undoubtedly, what is not in the domain experimental science cannot be grasped but, via revelationary guidance. this article studi...

introduction: nowadays, hiv is mostly spreading in asian countries. one of the important routes for hiv transmission in these countries is the vertical route which infects 35% to 45% of newborns. mother’s education, drug prophylaxis and cesarean section, accompanied by banning breastfeeding will decrease this rate to 2%. therefore, mothers’ knowledge about prevention of mother to child transmis...