Forty-nine male weight lifters, all users of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire to investigate addictive patterns of use. At least one DSM-III-R symptom of dependence was reported by 94% of the sample. Three or more symptoms, consistent with a diagnosis of dependence, were reported by 57%. Dependent users (n = 28) could be distinguished ...

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are drugs of abuse. They are taken in large quantities by athletes and others to increase performance, with negative health consequences. As a result, in 1991 testosterone and related AAS were declared controlled substances. However, the relative abuse and dependence liability of AAS have not been fully characterized. In humans, it is difficult to separate the...

Recent decades have seen increased efforts internationally to prevent the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and other image performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) in gyms fitness environments. Yet, very little is known about effective prevention strategies. This study aimed identify key risk factors for AAS assess relevance these as targets intervention. Seventy four (n = 74) IPED experts ...

Introduction: The use of anabolic androgenic steroids is particularly common in regular gyms and fitness centres participants. AAS are usually synthetic derivatives testosterone with effect. However, many people, including users, do not realize how side effects they can cause.The aim the study: study was to assess if people who regularly attend gym aware using by empirical research based on ano...