PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize recommendations for the safe and efficient conductance of sedation and anesthesia at remote locations; and to define safety standards, monitoring techniques, quality of care and procedural eligibility. RECENT FINDINGS Anesthesia outside of the operating room is rapidly increasing in numbers, which has seen a growth of older and sick...

Although the elicited responses of motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring are very sensitive to suppression by anesthetic agents and muscle relaxants, the use of neuromuscular blockade (NMB) during MEP monitoring is still controversial because of serious safety concerns and diagnostic accuracy. Here, we evaluated the incidence of unacceptable movement and compared false-negative MEP results be...

The aim of this study was to assess progress in the field of anesthesia monitoring over the past 40 years using scientometric analysis. The following scientometric indexes were used: popularity indexes (general and specific), representing the proportion of articles on either a topic relative to all articles in the field of anesthetics (general popularity index, GPI) or the subfield of anesthesi...

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) required for cardiac surgery presents unique challenges to the cardiac anesthesiologist responsible for providing the 3 most basic facets of any anesthetic: amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. Unique pathophysiologic changes during CPB result in pharmacokinetic alterations that impact the serum and tissue concentrations of IV and volatile anesthetics. Similar...

Transcranial motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are useful for assessing the integrity of spinal cord motor tracts during major spine surgery. Anesthetic agents depress the amplitude of MEPs in a dose-dependant fashion. Anecdotal reports suggest that MEP responses degrade or ‘‘fade’’ over the duration of a surgery, despite unchanged anesthetic levels or other physiologic variables. This phenomenon ...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the changes of auditory parameters during anesthesia and establish the assessment indicators for anesthesia monitoring in animal experiments. METHODS BALB/c mice of 4 to 6 weeks were given a single intraperitoneal dose of urethane, and the auditory evoked potential in the surgically exposed inferior colliculus in response to pure tone stimulation was recorded during u...

The development of general anesthesia techniques and anesthetic substances has opened new horizons for the expansion improvement surgical techniques. Nevertheless, more complex procedures have brought a higher complexity longer duration anesthesia, which led to series adverse events such as hemodynamic instability, under- or overdosage drugs, an increased number post-anesthetic events. In order...

Many animal models used in neuroscience research must be surgically created and/or anesthetized for imaging studies. The purpose of this unit is to review the advantages and disadvantages of various anesthetic and analgesic agents in rodents; to discuss state-of-the-art methods for monitoring anesthesia; and to provide tips for troubleshooting problems with anesthesia.

Remote collaboration for anesthesia requires considerable sharing of physiologic data, audio, and images on a consistent data platform. A low-bandwidth connection between Ecuador and the United States supported effective joint management of operative plan, airway, intraoperative decisions, and recovery. Transmission with a 64-Kbps InMarSat satellite telephone (Thrane & Thrane, Denmark) connecti...