BACKGROUND Local anesthetic injection is often cited in literature as the most painful part of minor procedures. It is also very possible for all doctors to get better at giving local anesthesia with less pain for patients. The purpose of this article is to illustrate and simplify how to inject local anesthesia in an almost pain-free manner. METHODS The information was obtained from reviewing...

1. Understand the different criteria that are used to diagnose a child with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). 2. Understand the pathophysiologic changes that occur in children with OSA. 3. Understand the anesthetic implications of OSA. 4. Develop an anesthetic plan, including premedication, induction, maintenance, extubation, pain management, and post-operative monitoring. 5. Predict which patient...

Over the past 50 years the incidence of anesthesia-related cardiac arrest has declined, despite increased patient co-morbidities, the most significant determinant of anesthetic risk. Multiple factors have contributed to this improvement including safer anesthetic agents, better monitoring devices and the development of a specialized pediatric environment. Provider skill has benefitted from impr...

power transformers provide a vital link between the generation and distribution of produced energy. such static equipment is subjected to abuse during operation in generation and distribution stations and leads to catastrophic failures. this paper reviewed the techniques in the field of condition monitoring of power transformers in recent years. transformer monitoring and diagnosis are the effe...

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) during corrective spinal surgery is widely used. Because of the possible interference with the recording of evoked potentials by inhalational anesthetics, total intravenous anesthetic (TIVA) regimens have been advocated. TIVA regimens may be difficult to use in pediatric populations due to metabolic factors. We report on the results of multimo...