The 'Three Rs' tenet (replacement, reduction, refinement) is a widely accepted cornerstone of Canadian and international policies on animal-based science. The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) initiated this web-based survey to obtain greater understanding of 'principal investigators' and 'other researchers' (i.e. graduate students, post-doctoral researchers etc.) views on the Three Rs, an...

Cattle may suffer pain and distress if incorrectly stunned. Regular monitoring of stun quality in abattoirs is now required by EU law. This study aimed to assess stun quality in cattle slaughtered under commercial conditions. A stun protocol was developed to evaluate when inadequate stunning occurred. This included rating of identified symptoms into three levels from highest to lowest risk for ...

Current advances in technologies and treatments provide pet owners and veterinarians with more options for prolonging the life of beloved pets, but can simultaneously lead to ethical dilemmas relating to what is best for both animal and owner. Key tools for improving end-of-life outcomes include (1) sufficient training to understand the valid ethical approaches to determining when euthanasia is...

To view the entire series, visit . Odors associated with livestock manure are foremost among complaints made by indi­ viduals who live in the vicinity of concen­ trated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). While some view these odors as nothing more than a nuisance, others are concerned that livestock odors could potentially affect their health. The purpose of ...

Qualitative assessments of behaviour integrate and summarize the different aspects of an animal's dynamic style of interaction with the environment, using descriptors such as 'timid' or 'confident'. Although such qualitative terms are widely used in the study of animal temperament and personality, their use in relation to questions of animal welfare has yet to be formally explored. The terms us...

Current quality control of inactivated animal vaccines still focuses on the potency of final products in a batch-wise manner. Animal welfare concerns as well as scientific considerations have led to the '3Rs-concept' that comprises the refinement of animal procedures, the reduction of animal numbers, and the replacement of animal models. Although the 3Rs-concept has been widely accepted as a fu...

INTRODUCTION Air from animal feeding operations (AFOs) has been shown to transport numerous contaminants of public health concern. While federal statutes like the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) generally require that facilities report hazardous releases, AFOs have been exempted from most of these requirements by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). We asse...

Some large rectangular matrices used in animal breeding are presented. We describe how to generate these matrices from the data supplied by animal breeders. The matrices are very sparse (3 nonzeros per row) and range between 26 20 and 968 652 582 694.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To assess the risk of aspiration using a novel valve circuit that dynamically modulates endotracheal tube cuff pressure during the ventilatory cycle using bench and live animal models. STUDY DESIGN Animal model. METHODS The bench model consisted of a cuffed endotracheal tube inserted into an artificial trachea. Leakage of liquid around the cuff was measured after 4 hou...