A sequence of colour photographs of an emissive probe moving through a luminous anode double layer is presented. The double layer is seen 'following' the probe for as much as 10 cm. This effect may result in erroneous measurements of both the double-layer width and its position. Recently, a number of experimental studies of doublelayer formation have been performed, particularly in magnetised p...

In a microbial bioelectrochemical system (BES) living microorganisms catalyze the anodic oxidation of organic matter at a low anode potential. We used a BES with a biological anode to power the cathodic recovery of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn from a simulated municipal solid waste incineration ash leachate. By varying the control of the BES, the four metals could sequentially be recovered from a mixed s...

Power density curves for microbial fuel cells (MFCs) often show power overshoot, resulting in inaccurate estimation of MFC performance at high current densities. The reasons for power overshoot are not well understood, but biofilm acclimation and development are known factors. In order to better explore the reasons for power overshoot, exoelectrogenic biofilms were developed at four different a...

We demonstrate a high-brightness compact 9 keV electron-impact microfocus x-ray source based on a liquid-gallium-jet anode. A approximately 30 W, 50 kV electron gun is focused onto the approximately 20 ms, 30 mum diameter liquid-gallium-jet anode to produce an approximately 10 microm full width at half maximum x-ray spot. The peak spectral brightness is >2 x 10(10) photons(s mm(2) mrad(2)x0.1% ...

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) consist of a perfluorinated ionomer membrane (usually Nafion or Flemion). The ionomer is plated on both faces with a noble metal such as gold or platinum. It is neutralized with a certain amount of counterions that balance the electrical charge of anions covalently fixed to the backbone membrane. IPMCs are electroactive materials that can be used as actuat...

Potassium ion batteries (KIBs) have received increasing popularity owing to their distinct advantages. We discover a hitherto unknown C4S nanosheet, novel carbon-based material with carbon and sulfur consisting of pentagons hexagons rings. The proposed nanosheet is highly stable dynamically, thermodynamically, mechanically, chemically, according first-principles calculations. Moreover, the grap...