The stable inheritance of bacterial plasmids is achieved by a number of different mechanisms. Among them are resolution of plasmid oligomers into monomers, active plasmid partitioning into dividing cells and selective killing of plasmid-free segregants. A special focus is given to the last mechanism. It involves a stable toxin and an unstable antidote. The antidotes neutralize their cognate tox...

Noninvasive near infrared spectroscopy measurements were performed to monitor cyanide (CN) poisoning and recovery in the brain region and in foreleg muscle simultaneously, and the effects of a novel CN antidote, sulfanegen sodium, on tissue hemoglobin oxygenation changes were compared using a sub-lethal rabbit model. The results demonstrated that the brain region is more susceptible to CN poiso...

Oncology nurses and pharmacists often are given the responsibility of developing or updating institutional policies to manage vesicant chemotherapy extravasations. Antidote and treatment recommendations of vesicant chemotherapy manufacturers, antidotes and treatments approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and guidelines and recommendations made by professional oncology organiz...

The exact frequency of poisoning is unclear, although it the most prevalent cause emergency room visits. It a critical domain for medicine practitioners, who are first to see people have been exposed toxic substances. As result, they must be aware how manage poisoning. So, survey was designed identify their knowledge on antidotes common poisonings, along with queries and decontamination measure...

Active support is needed for low copy-number plasmids to be stably maintained in bacterial cells. The mechanisms that fulfill this role are (i) partition systems (PAR) acting to separate plasmid molecules to daughter cells and (ii) toxin-andidote (TA) (post-segregational killing-PSK) systems which arrest cell growth until the plasmid reaches the correct copy-number or kill the cells that have n...