Strain-based design (SBD) plays an important role in pipeline and assessment of pipelines subjected to geo-hazards. Under such hazards, a pipe can be substantial plastic strains, leading tensile failure at locations girth weld flaws. For SBD, the finite element method (FEM) reliable tool calculate strain capacity (TSC) for better pipelines. This study aims investigate ductile fracture propertie...

The corrosion behaviors of different weld heat-affected zones (HAZs) were investigated, comprising an API 5L X65 steel immersed in seawater with abundant native microbial community. Before tests, HAZ physical simulations performed at the peak temperatures 700 °C, 860 1000 and 1350 °C. Throughout 14 days immersion, various planktonic bacterial groups associated microbiologically influenced metab...

Ferrous metals include cast iron, steel, and the various steel alloys, The only difference between iron and steel is the carbon content. Cast iron contains more than 2-percent carbon, while steel contains less than 2 percent. An alloy is a substance composed of two or more elements. Therefore, all steels are an alloy of iron and carbon, but the term “alloy steel” normally refers to a steel that...