Non–dissipative mediums with both simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability were first investigated by Veselago [1] in 1968. These mediums support electromagnetic wave propagation in which the phase velocity is antiparallel to the direction of energy flow, and other unusual electromagnetic effects such as the reversal of the Doppler effect and Cerenkov radiation. After the publicati...

limitations of our cognitive system? Or are errors indispensable parts of every intelligent system? From the first perspective, all errors are at best unnecessary and at worst harmful. Consider an error commonly made by children. When asked to find the sum of 1/2 and 1/3. the answer is often 2/5. This is called the freshman error of adding numerators and adding denominators {Silver. 1986). But ...

In our daily life, central heating systems are generally used in home and office heating. The majority of fuel used in these systems are either natural gas or coal. However, in some cases air-conditioners and electrical oil-radiators are preferred in the heating of small mediums. But, the cost of electrical based heating is much higher than the cost of natural gas or coal based heating. Conside...

A symbol is a pattern (of physical marks, electromagnetic energy, etc.) which denotes, designates, or otherwise has meaning. The notion that intelligence requires the use and manipulation of symbols, and that humans are therefore symbol systems, has been extremely in uential in arti cial intelligence. keywords: symbol, reasoning, intelligence, representation, logic This article has two parts. W...

Abstract Smart channels that manipulate liquid motion by anisotropic shape changes represent a promising candidate to construct microfluidics for biochemical analysis. However, the existing systems fail provide platform solid exchange mediums interact with multiple phases, which is universal technique effectively extract, enrich, and precisely detect biomarkers. Herein, combined photo/magnetic ...