The discussions of conatus – force, tendency, effort, and striving in early modern metaphysics have roots Aristotle’s understanding life as an internal experience living force. This paper examines the ways that Spinoza’s is consonant with Aristotle on effort. By tracking effort from his psychology ethics to aesthetics, I show there a at heart activity ψυχή involves intensification power way whi...

or speculative to be considered a science of sincere importance. This is because in Metaphysics, there is no set of superior or empirical observations, nor, is there a valid set of logical arguments which could definitively prove metaphysical axioms to be either true or false. Therefore, a metaphysical truth usually implies a belief about the perceived environment or world. Nevertheless, what m...

The paper deals with Aristotelian logic as the special case of more general epistemology and sociology of both science and common sense. The Aristotelian principles of identity, of noncontradiction, and of excluded middle are to be supplemented by the secondorder cybernetic, or "cybernethic" principles of paradox, of ambivalence, and of control. In this paper we collect some ideas on how to eva...

The term ‘possible’, in Aristotle’s view, is ambiguous. It has two senses known as one-sided possibility and two-sided possibility (or contingency). Being two-sided possible means being neither impossible nor necessary, and being one-sided possible simply means being not impossible. Aristotle defines the two senses in Prior Analytics 1.13 (32a18–21). This definition is followed by a controversi...