Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) actuator has been widely used in medical and rehabilitation robots, owing to its high power-to-weight ratio and inherent safety characteristics. However, the PAM exhibits highly non-linear and time variant behavior, due to compressibility of air, use of elastic-viscous material as core tube and pantographic motion of the PAM outer sheath. It is difficult to obt...

This paper is concerned with an optimal shape control problem for the stationary Navier–Stokes system. A two–dimensional channel flow of an incompressible, viscous fluid is examined to determine the shape of a bump on a part of the boundary that minimizes the viscous drag. By introducing an artificial compressibility term to relax the incompressibility constraints, we take the penalty method. T...

Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) overcome the other common actuators as it has higher power-to-weight ratio. However, the air compressibility and lack of damping ability of PAM brings dynamic delay to the pressure response and causes oscillatory motion to occur. It is not easy to realize the motion with high accuracy and high speed due to all the non-linear characteristics of pneumatic system....

Improved electrically powered artificial muscles are needed for generating force, moving objects, and accomplishing work. Carbon nanotube aerogel sheets are the sole component of new artificial muscles that provide giant elongations and elongation rates of 220% and (3.7 x 10(4))% per second, respectively, at operating temperatures from 80 to 1900 kelvin. These solid-state-fabricated sheets are ...

In this paper, an enhanced computational code was developed using finite-volume method for solving the incompressible natural convection flow within the cylindrical cavities. Grids were generated by an easy method with a view to computer program providing. An explicit integration algorithm was applied to find the steady state condition. Also instead of the conventional algorithms of SIMPLE, SIM...

In this summary of previous work, I argue that data becomes temporarily interesting by itself to some selfimproving, but computationally limited, subjective observer once he learns to predict or compress the data in a better way, thus making it subjectively more “beautiful.” Curiosity is the desire to create or discover more non-random, non-arbitrary, “truly novel,” regular data that allows for...

In this work, the ability of Artificial Neural Network or ANN based on back-propagation algorithm to modeling and predicting of compressibility factor of natural gas has been investigated. The MSE analysis based on results, are used to verifying the suggested approach. Results show, a good agreement between experimental data and ANN predictions. An important feature of the model is its needless...

Many soft tissues are considered to be virtually incompressible. A number of recent analyses of the mechanics of these tissues have used Poisson's ratios in the range of 0.45 to 0.49 with little or no documentation, the apparent assumption being that a small change in Poisson's ratio will not significantly affect the results. We demonstrate here that the mechanics of a narrowly contained soft t...