BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Randomized and nonrandomized single-center studies suggest that preoperative geriatric evaluation improves postoperative outcomes in older adults. The generalizability and population-level effect of preoperative geriatric evaluation has not been determined. Our objective was to measure the adjusted association between preoperative geriatric evaluation and postoperative out...

First, we described an illustrative notional planning magnitude for each threat based on a stylized threat and risk assessment, while noting that a more comprehensive threat and risk assessments could reveal that these illustrative magnitudes were either too high or too low. Our illustrative threat assessments relied on historical data revealing observed frequencies and consequences of each thr...

OBJECTIVE To make salient the striking similarities between the program planning processes used in both health education and contemporary marketing. METHOD Through a discussion of the analogous nature of both processes and a review of the literature, the authors (1) illustrate why marketing principles should be embraced and (2) suggest how marketing strategies can be integrated into health ed...

Most estimators and filters provide assessments of their own estimation errors. Are these self-assessments trustable? What is the degree to which they are trustable? This paper provides practical answers to such questions, referred to as the (level of) credibility of the estimators/filters. It formulates the concept of credibility, proposes several practical measures of credibility, and discuss...

The professional development of public health leaders requires competency-based instruction to increase their ability to address complex and changing demands for critical services. This article reviews the development of the Leadership Competency Framework by the National Public Health Leadership Development Network and discusses its significance. After reviewing pertinent literature and existi...

Validity in research refers to how accurately a study answers the study question or the strength of the study conclusions. For outcome measures such as surveys or tests, validity refers to the accuracy of measurement. Here validity refers to how well the assessment tool actually measures the underlying outcome of interest. Validity is not a property of the tool itself, but rather of the interpr...

A key part of the implementation the WHO Framework Convention Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) is identifying accurately and meaningfully the specific needs of parties as they seek to implement the provisions of the treaty. With this information, governments can set priorities, allocate resources, and address specific needs, for example by requesting and obtaining targeted technical assistance. It al...

The present and future rapid increase in the hospital population of geriatric patients is discussed with particular reference to the problem of advanced brain degeneration. The consequences of various clinical management options are outlined and it is suggested that extreme attempts either to preserve or terminate life are medically, morally and socially unacceptable. The preservation of life i...

This study examined the effects of trainees’ reactions to skill assessment on their motivation to learn. A model was developed that suggests that two dimensions of trainees’ assessment reactions – distributive justice and utility – influence training motivation and overall training effectiveness. The model was tested using a sample of individuals (N = 113) enrolled in a truck driving training p...

BACKGROUND Outcomes from GPs' consultations have been measured mainly with disease specific measures and with patient questionnaires about health, satisfaction, enablement and quality. The aim of this study was to explore GPs' conceptions of consultation outcomes. METHODS Interviews with 17 GPs in groups and individually about consultation outcomes from recently performed consultations were a...