IT is exceedingly difficult to assess the position held by women in fifth-century Athens.1 When we examine their position in fourth-century law, we find them defined as near slaves, or as perpetual minors. In fifth-century history, at least as Thucydides saw it, there were no women. Yet women play a prominent part in Athenian literature and visual arts; they are not invisible, not helpless as. ...

same initial elements. For the case of m= 12 this results in a reduction by a factor of about 80 in the number ofcases examined. Samples at m = 13 and 14 indicate that this pruning method will yield an additional improvement factor of about 2.5 to 3 for each increase in m. Using a characteristic vector representation, the test for a repeated spacing is improved by a factor of m2/8 over the stra...

Understanding measurement units is critical to mathematics and science learning, but it is a topic that American students find difficult. In 3 studies, we investigated the challenges underlying this difficulty in kindergarten and second grade by comparing performance on different versions of a linear measurement task. Children measured crayons that were either aligned or shifted relative to the...

Nature–inspired algorithms are the most powerful algorithms for optimization problems. This paper presents a novel optimization channel allocation algorithm inspired by the flash pattern of fireflies that allows suppression of the four–wave mixing (FWM) crosstalk while maintaining channel bandwidth. It is composed of a fractional bandwidth channel allocation algorithm by using the concept of Op...

Several studies have explored the acoustic structure of fricatives, yet there has been very little acoustic research on the effects of dialects on the production of fricatives. This article investigates the effects of two linguistically proximal Modern Greek dialects, Athenian Greek and Cypriot Greek on the temporal, spectral, and coarticulatory properties of fricatives and aims to determine th...

Abstract This article reinterprets Thucydides's analysis of the post-Periclean turn in Athenian politics by reading it within context contemporary “tragic” and “scientific” explanatory traditions. It finds this an ambitious attempt to reinvent traditional, tragic pattern hubris-driven reversal reinterpreting its underlying causal logic according a scientific perspective which overdetermining ef...

As the Greek myths say, Apollo was the Olympian god of health. However, medicine and healing eventually became associated with his son Asclepius, now also known by the Roman name Aesculapus. The name Asclepius has also been spelled Asklepios or Asclepios in literature; in this article I have adopted the spelling that is most commonly used today. The story of Asclepius, although it deals with he...

An understanding of measurement and units of measurement is important in mathematics and science. However, children in the United States perform very poorly on measurement items on standardized mathematics tests compared to students in other countries. We examine understanding of linear measurement and units of measurement in 2 grade students and carry out a training study aimed at improving th...

We examined understanding of linear measurement in 1st and 2nd graders from high-and low-SES families. Children made two kinds of errors on measuring objects not aligned with the beginning of the ruler reading off the number that corresponded to the rightmost edge of the object (common in low SES children) and counting the number of hatch marks that the length of the ruler encompasses (common i...