Osmotic evaporation (OE) process is usually suggested to concentrate aqueous solutions. OE is a concentration technique based on the use of mesoporous or macroporous and hydrophobic membranes. The difference between the activity of solutions results in a pressure difference between the upstream diluted solution and the downstream (usually concentrated brine) solution. The latter generates a wat...

In a previous report, the synthesis of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic acid from alkali phenoxides and carbon dioxide in aprotic-polar solvents was reported. In the present study, the effects of reaction conditions on the yields and the rule of orientation under atmospheric pressure were examined in a typical aprotic-polar solvent, N,N-dimethylfomamide. Stabilities of the alkali salts of p-...

[1] Atmospheric moisture content is expected to rise in response to global warming, but climate models predict a much slower rate of precipitation increase. This muted response of the hydrological cycle is investigated from a surface evaporation perspective, using a multimodel ensemble of simulations under the A1B forcing scenario. A 90-year analysis of surface evaporation based on a standard b...

The use of immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) to catalyze ferulic acid of esterification was investigated in this study. The synthesis product was analyzed using HPLC. The results revealed that the major product was 2-ethylhexyl ferulate. Response surface methodology and 3-level-3-factor central composite rotatable design were adopted to evaluate the effects of synthesis v...

The presence of organic surfactants in atmospheric aerosol may lead to a depression of cloud droplet growth and evaporation rates affecting the radiative properties and lifetime of clouds. Both the magnitude and mechanism of this effect, however, remain poorly constrained. We have used Raman thermometry measurements of freely evaporating micro-droplets to determine evaporation coefficients for ...

A time series of oxygen isotope (d18O) measurements of a coral from the northern Red Sea (RS) is presented and used as a direct proxy for water surface density rs. With a relatively constant subsurface density, the generated surface density time series closely tracks water mass formation variability. Two positive and two negative high-amplitude rs anomalies are studied, and associated atmospher...

the objective of the present investigation was to design a sustained release floating microcapsules of theophylline using two polymers of different permeability characteristics; eudragit rl 100 (eu rl) and cellulose acetate butyrate (cab) using the oil-in-oil emulsion solvent evaporation method. polymers were used separately and in combination to prepare different microcapsules. the effect of d...

Ultralight cellular sponges offer a unique set of properties. We show here that solvent uptake by these sponges results in new gel-like materials, which we term spongy gels. The appearance of the spongy gels is very similar to classic organogels. Usually, organogels are formed by a bottom-up process. In contrast, the spongy gels are formed by a top-down approach that offers numerous advantages ...

A high molecular weight, lamellar block copolymer (BCP) can exhibit a photonic stop band in the visible range of wavelengths due to the one-dimensional periodic dielectric layer structure. After dissolving a high molecular weight BCP in a neutral solvent, solvent evaporation causes microphase separation, forming a so-called “photonic gel” at a quite low polymer concentration (∼10 wt %). Moreove...

Nanostructuring of drug delivery systems offers many promising applications like precise control of dissolution and release kinetics, enhanced activities, flexibility in terms of surface coatings, integration into implants, designing the appropriate scaffolds or even integrating into microelectronic chips etc. for different desired applications. In general such kind of structuring is difficult ...