Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. The diagnosis of encephalitis can be established only by microscopic examination of brain tissue, and similarly the etiology is established only by the recovery from or the demonstration in brain tissue of an infectious agent. In clinical practice, however, the diagnosis of encephalitis frequently is based on neurologic manifestations, and the etiol...

Objective We report a series of children with encephalopathy associated thyroid antibodies who are refractory to steroid monotherapy. Background Steroid Responsive Encephalopathy autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT) is rare condition, only few isolated cases reported in children. Marked clinical improvement following treatment steroids, hallmark SREAT. Design/Methods An IRB approved chart review was ...

OBJECTIVES To report a case of multifocal cortical encephalitis associated with thymoma and to establish an association of this thymoma-related paraneoplastic syndrome with voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies. DESIGN Case report. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT A 43-year-old woman with a history of seropositive myasthenia gravis and successfully treated invasive thymoma. Four ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to describe new features on the epidemiology of encephalitis world-wide. As this neurological presentation is most frequently related to transmitted viruses, surveillance of encephalitis is of major importance to detect their emergence or re-emergence. RECENT FINDINGS Rabies causes one of the most severe types of encephalitis as it is lethal in all cases, an...

IMPORTANCE Encephalitis mediated by anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibodies and herpes simplex (HS) encephalitis are seemingly separate causes of encephalopathy in adults and children. Herpes simplex encephalitis is infectious, and anti-NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis is autoimmune in origin. Both can cause seizures and encephalopathy, although the latter can also cause psychia...

RATIONALE Platelets are known to participate in vascular pathologies; however, their role in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), is unknown. Autoimmune CD4 T cells have been the main focus of studies of MS, although the factors that regulate T-cell differentiation toward pathogenic T helper-1/T helper-17 phenotypes are not completely understood. OBJECTIVE We investiga...

Background Anti-N-methyl- d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune neurological disorder that usually occurs as a paraneoplastic syndrome and is particularly associated with ovarian teratoma. Standard therapy for severe cases is not established and the prognosis in patients who do not respond to first-line treatment is poor. Case Report An 11-year-old boy complained ps...

Encephalitis results in considerable morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. Neurologists are often consulted or directly care for patients with encephalitis admitted to the hospital and must be able to discriminate between encephalitis and the many conditions that mimic it. Moreover, neurologists must be familiar with the myriad causes of encephalitis in order to develop a ...

BACKGROUND Data on encephalitis in Thailand have not been completely described. Etiologies remain largely unknown. We prospectively analyzed 103 Thai patients from 27 provinces for the causes of encephalitis using clinical, microbiological and neuroimaging indices; caseswithout a diagnosis were evaluated for autoimmune causes of encephalitis. METHODS Patients with encephalitis and/or myelitis...