Nature frequently unleashes a barrage of new and frightening diseases against humans--such as HIV, severe acquired respiratory syndrome, Ebola virus and avian flu recently--in addition to the seemingly ever-present scourges such as malaria and tuberculosis. Fortunately, nature also provides the wherewithal to help conquer the diseases that it sets loose. All that is needed is the human ingenuit...

Airborne pathogens - either transmitted via aerosol or droplets - include a wide variety of highly infectious and dangerous microbes such as variola virus, measles virus, influenza A viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis. Emerging zoonotic pathogens, for example, MERS coronavirus, avian influenza viruses, Coxiella, and Francisella, would have pa...

1. MAP is a multi-host pathogen and has been isolated from a variety of wild and domesticated animals (Verma, 2013). MAP commonly infects dairy cattle, leading to Johne’s disease, which is also known as paratuberculosis. The infection is chronic, progressive, and incurable (Collins, 1997). Paratuberculosis affects domesticated and wild ruminants including those used in food production mainly ca...

WPSAR Vol 3, No 1, 2012 | doi: 10.5365/wpsar.2012.3.1.003 www.wpro.who.int/wpsar 1 a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Submitted: 21 January 2012; Published: 27 March 2012 doi: 10.5365/wpsar.year.2012.3.1.003 The role of air travel in rapid translocation of infectious disease is indisputable.1 The global health community has long been concerned about the movement across borders of v...

In a recent communication (Grula et al., 1954), it was demonstrated that inorganic phosphate was involved in the genesis of the electronopaque granules observed in Caulobacter vibrioides. However, it was not shown whether the phosphate was involved in the synthesis of ribonucleic acid, desoxyribonucleic acid, or metaphosphate. Each of the three compounds has been reported as the main constituen...

A scientific review of the recent sharp increase in bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain has concluded that the development of a cattle vaccine holds the best prospect for long-term disease control. It is important to develop a diagnostic test that differentiates between vaccinated and Mycobacterium bovis-infected animals, to ensure that test-and-slaughter control strategies can continue alongs...

Avian Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of fowl cholera, a disease much affecting the poultry industry. In order to study the efficacy of the recombinant subunit vaccine constructed with ptfA gene of avian P. multocida, the ptfA gene fragment amplified by PCR from avian P. multocida was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a and the recombinant plasmid pET32a-ptfA was o...

Influenza is a contagious viral disease that is seen in avian, human and other mammals, so its control is important. Vaccination against influenza virus subtype H9N2 is one of the ways in controlling program, for this reason several vaccines has been produced. Recently, application of inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines in poultry for controlling low pathogenic avian influenza is increasing. At p...

Background and Aims: Avian Influenza (AI) H9N2 subtype was first reported to infect turkeys in the United States in 1966 and has been panzootic in Europe and Asia. The impact of avian influenza caused by H9N2 viruses in Iran is now significantly more severe than in previous years. Methods: Sequence analysis and phylogenetic study of the complete coding region Polymerase A (PA) gene of H9N2 subt...

To prevent important infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria and HIV, vaccines inducing greater T cell responses are required. In this study, we investigated whether fusion of the M. tuberculosis antigen 85A to recently described adjuvant IMX313, a hybrid avian C4bp oligomerization domain, could increase T cell responses in pre-clinical vaccine model species. In mice, the fused antige...