In vitro propagation of Dendrobium macrostachyum, a threatened and endemic species was achieved through nodal explants. The nodal explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium and MS medium supplemented with N6-benzyladenine (BA-2.22, 4.44 and 8.88 microM), Kinetin (KN-2.32, 4.65, and 9.29 microM) and Coconut water (CW, 5, 10 and 15%) individually or in combination with 2.69 m...

The prime objectives for axillary dissection are staging and treatment to cure. No physical examination, no imaging techniques, and no tumor markers can replace axillary dissection for staging. Further, axillary node status in potentially curable breast carcinomas is still considered the single best predictor of outcome and the primary determinant of the use of systemic therapy. Finally, locore...

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma metastatic to the axilla is a rare occurrence. The authors present a case of a woman who developed an axillary metastasis from a completely excised oesophageal adenocarcinoma with no prior evidence of nodal disease. With aggressive local treatment, including multiple local operations and radiotherapy, she remains alive and disease-free 12 years after her diagnosis fol...

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second cause of death in women. It is essential to have the highest level of confidence in axillary staging assessment. Many surgeons and pathologists believe that fewer lymph nodes are present in axillary dissection specimens of women treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to compare the lym...

Axillary nodal metastasis from a nonmammary neoplasia is much rarer than diseases associated with a primary breast carcinoma. However, this has to be considered in the differential diagnosis of nodal disease in patients with a history of breast cancer. Here, we report the case of a 73-year-old female with a past medical history of breast cancer, presenting with an ipsilateral axillary metastati...

BACKGROUND Patients with high-risk primary breast cancer remain at high risk for relapse. More precise prognostic and predictive tools are needed to improve treatment of such patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors from 239 high-risk breast cancer patients were examined for expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), epidermal growth factor r...

BACKGROUND Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare benign idiopathic histiocytic proliferation. Most commonly reported cases are lymph nodal. Only 30-40% of cases occur in extranodal sites. Although the morphological features of RDD are well documented, there is limited information about the morphometric variations in the histiocytes of this entity. METHOD Twenty-two cases of RDD diagnosed on f...

Abstract Background: The axillary lymph node stage is one of the single most important determinants in the prognosis of breast cancer patients. The disadvantages of the two previous methods used for evaluating axillary node metastasis, i.e., axillary lymph node dissection and sentinel lymph node biopsy, have directed researchers to investigate new techniques for this purpose. The aim of the cur...

The Korean clinical practice guideline recently developed by the Korean Breast Cancer Society to address the national clinical situation is currently under revision ahead of a seventh recommendation. A second consensus conference was held to further develop this guideline by soliciting opinions regarding important issues related to surgery, radiotherapy, and medical oncology. Several issues wer...

BACKGROUND Although axillary lymph node status is an important prognostic factor and axillary dissection is regarded as the gold standard for staging, it requires radical surgery which is accompanied by considerable postoperative problems such as lymphedema. This study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of preoperative positron emission tomography (PET) and intraoperative froze...