We tested the aerodynamic function of nasal conchae in birds using CT data from an adult male wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) to construct 3D models of its nasal passage. A series of digital "turbinectomies" were performed on these models and computational fluid dynamic analyses were performed to simulate resting inspiration. Models with turbinates removed were compared to the original, unmod...

Innate hearing processes define the realism that can be obtained from reproduced sound. An unspecified system with two loudspeakers in a room places considerable limitations upon the degree of auditory realism that can be obtained. It has been observed that loudspeakers and room must be hidden from the auditory scene that is evoked in the listener’s brain. Requirements upon the polar response a...

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In this paper the thermal behavior of the shell-side flow of a shell-and-tufe heat exchanger has been studied using theoretical and experimental methods. The experimental method Provided the effect of the major parameters of the shell-side flow on thermal energy exchange. In the numerical method, besides the effect of the major paramerers, the effect of different geometric parameters and Re on ...

In this study, we ask if instead of being fundamentally opposed, niche and neutral theories could simply be located at the extremes of a continuum. First, we present a model of recruitment probabilities that combines both niche and neutral processes. From this model, we predict and test whether the relative importance of niche vs. neutral processes in controlling community dynamics will vary de...

Sequential exchanges of vocalizations (staccatos and neighs) emitted by Northern Muriquis Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus were recorded at the Biological Station of Caratinga, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Staccatos and neighs containing larger proportion of short elements were preferentially produced during short-range exchanges; neighs, produced by a larger number of participants, were typi...

In several studies with hierarchical stimuli it has been shown that the left and the right hemispheres are specialized for the processing of local and global information, respectively. However, although corresponding visual-field (VF) effects regularly show up for incongruent stimuli, they are often absent for congruent ones. In this study, it was investigated whether the spacing between the el...

We study the statistics of level spacing of geometric resonances in the disordered binary networks. For a definite concentration p within the interval [0.2,0.7], numerical calculations indicate that the unfolded level spacing distribution P(t) and level number variance Sigma(2)(L) have general features. It is also shown that the short-range fluctuation P(t) and long-range spectral correlation S...

Two experiments used procedures similar to those used by R. L. Greene (1989) to test the 2-process theory of the spacing effect and, in particular, the contextual-variability subtheory that applies to free-recall performance. Experiment 1 obtained a spacing effect in free recall following intentional learning but not following incidental learning, contrary to a previous result supporting the 2-...