Even before the controversy over MPs’ expenses broke, earlier this year five Anglican bishops attacked the last 10 years of government for being lacking moral direction and increasing the gap between rich and poor. So what, you might say – their market share is hardly increasing is it? And in its highly regarded forecast of The World in 2009, The Economist predicted that as the global recession...

This article aims to discuss the reform of secular clergy planned by Jacobeu bishops in Portuguese America. Thus, origin spirituality chain called Jacobeia will be briefly examined, as well role played forerunner chain, Friar Francisco da Anunciação, and main directives movement order glimpse influences these principles considering model a perfect outlined prelates measures aimed at discipline ...

The purpose of the following analysis is to present actions undertaken by Polish People’s Republic authorities during preparations and celebrations millennium anniversary against two important hierarchs Catholic Church in Poland: Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński Archbishop Karol Wojtyła. author describes role bishops ‘Great Novena’ year main compares them light party state documentations.

We exploit differences in the mortality rates faced by European colonialists to estimate the effect of institutions on economic performance. Europeans adopted very different colonization policies in different colonies, with different associated institutions. In places where Europeans faced high mortality rates, they could not settle and they were more likely to set up extractive institutions. T...


 The religiosity of late antique and early medieval communities in the Mediterranean world has been vigorously examined debated. This religious life called (among many other terms) ‘popular Christianity,’ ‘local ‘second church,’ ‘Religion zweiter Ordnung,’ ‘the third paganism.’ In my article, I analyse from viewpoint encounters—between ideals ecclesiastical elite people’s local cultic pra...

The former Cardinal McCarrick was often dubbed as the “Kingmaker” for his power to influence episcopal promotion in United States and even Vatican. However, most of information support this argument is lacking context, making claim easy downplay. purpose study look at one networks Catholic bishops provide empirical evidence using social network analysis. result supports that indeed appointments...