The most important aerobic bacterial diseases of farmed deer and bison include bovine tuberculosis, Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), yersiniosis, leptospirosis, brucellosis, pasteurellosis, anthrax, salmonellosis and colibacillosis. Anaerobic bacterial infections affecting the same animals include necrobacillosis and a number of clostridial diseases such as tetanus, blackleg, malignant oedem...

Control of blackleg (phoma stem canker) disease relies on crop management, fungicides and breeding for disease resistance. Proteins encoded by these resistance genes recognize avirulence (Avr) gene products in the fungus during invasion of the plant. However, these Avr genes can mutate resulting in fungal isolates becoming virulent, thus avoiding recognition by the plant. Widespread use of cult...

Background and Objectives: After the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine, an increase has been observed in the disease due to nonspecific stereotypes of the vaccine. This study was conducted to determine the spatial distribution of pneumococcal vaccine coverage and common stereotypes of streptococcus pneumonia after vaccine introduction in the vaccine recipient countries.   Methods: The ...

background: conventional hepatitis b virus (hbv) vaccination fails to achieve efficient protection in about 5–10% of the world population. hence, different strategies have been adopted to ameliorate hbv antibody titers. this study aimed to evaluate the concurrent application of tetanus‑diphtheria (td) and hbv vaccination on hepatitis b surface (hbs) antibody titer in low‑responder healthy indiv...

introduction: vaccinology provides promising approaches for the control of various infectious diseases. among different strategies, dna vaccines offer attractive research opportunities for development of vaccines for induction of antigen-specific immunity owing to their stability, simplicity of delivery, safety and cost effectiveness. however, there is a need to increase their potency by the us...

background: antibiotic resistance and the need for long-term treatments especially for chronic infections necessitate the developmentof a vaccine against pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.objectives: in this study, recombinant exotoxin a (domains i and ii), (exoa i-ii) protein was expressed, purifid and its immunologicalcharacteristics were evaluated in a mouse model.materials and methods: the g...