Recent military conflicts have provided evidence of a new mode of lower extremity injury as a result of under-vehicle blasts. Extreme vehicle design elements have decreased the frequency of hull breech into the occupant compartment, yet catastrophic injuries to the lower extremities continue to occur. Previous studies of shock wave-induced injuries, such as blast lung, have highlighted acoustic...

Traumatic brain injury caused by explosive or blast events is traditionally divided into four phases: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast injury. These phases of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) are biomechanically distinct and can be modeled in both in vivo and in vitro systems. The primary bTBI injury phase represents the response of brain tissue to the initial blast...

Three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations exploring the first 18 hours of the 2010 January 28 outburst of the recurrent nova U Scorpii have been performed. Special emphasis was placed on capturing the enormous range in spatial scales in the blast. The pre-explosion system conditions included the secondary star and a flared accretion disk. These conditions can have a profound influence on the e...

Civilian blast injuries are not rare, but most are not due to military explosives, meaning extrapolation from military texts is often inappropriate. In civilian mass casualty events, emergency departments will see large patient numbers, but few require surgery or intensive care. Survivors of small civilian blasts rarely have blast wave injury and should be treated according to standard trauma p...

Physics of GRB blast waves is discussed with a focus on two effects: (1) pair creation in the external medium by the gamma-ray front and (2) decay of neutrons ahead of the decelerating blast wave. Both effects impact the afterglow mechanism at radii up to 1017 cm.

The effectiveness of imploding waves at detonation initiation of stoichiometric ethyleneand propane–oxygen– nitrogen mixtures in a tube was investigated. Implosions were driven by twice-shocked gas located at the end of a shock tube, and wave strength was varied to determine the critical conditions necessary for initiation as a function of diluent concentration for each fuel. Hydrocarbon–air mi...

Damage to the eye from blast exposure can occur as a result of the overpressure air-wave (primary injury), flying debris (secondary injury), blunt force trauma (tertiary injury), and/or chemical/thermal burns (quaternary injury). In this study, we investigated damage in the contralateral eye after a blast directed at the ipsilateral eye in the C57Bl/6J and DBA/2J mouse. Assessments of ocular he...

In the cosmological blast-wave model for gamma ray bursts (GRBs), high energy ( > ∼10 GeV) γ rays are produced either through Compton scattering of soft photons by ultrarelativistic electrons, or as a consequence of the acceleration of protons to ultrahigh energies. We describe the spectral and temporal characteristics of high energy γ rays produced by both mechanisms, and discuss how these pro...

6.01 Surface and shallow undersion, as functions of the distance from ground bursts are defined as those in ground (surface) zero \(§ 2.34 footnote), which either the fireball or the hot, can then be obtained from the curves high-pressure gases generated by the given at the end of Chapter III. The cube explosion intersect or break through the root scaling law described there can be earth's surf...

BACKGROUND Vascular leakage has been proven to play a critical role in the incidence and development of explosive pulmonary barotrauma. Quantitatively investigated in the present study was the severity of vascular leakage in a gradient blast injury series, as well as ultrastructural evidence relating to pulmonary vascular leakage. METHODS One hundred adult male New Zealand white rabbits were ...