n engl j med 360;16 nejm.org april 16, 2009 1678 after treatment with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. Our data indicate that although the number of normal-appearing osteoclasts is significantly increased in patients receiving bisphosphonate therapy, as compared with those receiving placebo, the decrease in biochemical markers and increase in bone density suggest that even normal-appearing ...

Osteoclasts are bone-eroding cells that develop from monocytic precursor cells in the presence of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Osteoclasts are essential for physiological bone remodeling, but localized excessive osteoclast activity is responsible for the periarticular bone destruction that characteristically occurs in patients ...

The innate immune system and its components play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bone destruction. Blockade of inflammatory cytokines does not completely arrest bone erosion, suggesting that other mediators also may be involved in osteolysis. Previously we showed that nucleosides promote osteoclastogenesis and bone-resorption activity in the presence of receptor activator ...

Erosion of periarticular bone is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), resulting in significant joint deformity, pain and disability [1]. Osteoclasts are specialized cells of the macrophage lineage responsible for bone resorption during remodelling. These cells have been demonstrated at the site of erosion in RA [2, 3] and in representative animal models of the disease [4], and are thus beli...

INTRODUCTION Cholesteatoma is traditionally diagnosed by otoscopic examination and treated by surgery. The necessity for imaging in an uncomplicated case is controversial. This study was planned to investigate the usefulness of a preoperative high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan in depicting the status of middle ear structures in the presence of cholesteatoma and also to compare the ...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Endoscopic drainage has become the standard of care for the treatment of mucoceles. In many patients this can be performed in the office. This study reviews our experience with in-office endoscopic mucocele drainage. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. METHODS A retrospective review of one surgeon's experience with in-office endoscopic drainage of sinus mucoceles ...

OBJECTIVE Fractal signature analysis (FSA), a computerized method of textural analysis, permits the separate measurement of changes in vertical and horizontal trabeculae based on the fractal dimension over a range of trabecular widths (fractal signature). We determined whether the FSA of high-definition macroradiographs (x5 magnification) quantified radiographic changes at sites of osteopenia a...

We aimed to assess the effect of ovariectomy on cartilage turnover and degradation, to evaluate whether ovariectomized (OVX) rats could form an experimental model of postmenopausal osteoarthritis. The effect of ovariectomy on cartilage was studied using two cohorts of female Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 5 and 7 months. In a third cohort, the effect of exogenous estrogen and a selective estrogen re...

Abnormalities in the p53 tumor suppressor gene have been detected in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and could contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic disease. To determine whether synoviocytes from invasive synovium in RA have an increased number of mutations compared with non-erosion synoviocytes, p53 cDNA subclones from fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) derived from erosion and non-erosion site...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alignment of the glenoid component with the scapula during total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is challenging due to glenoid erosion and lack of both bone stock and guiding landmarks. We determined the extent to which the implant position is governed by the preoperative erosion of the glenoid. Also, we investigated whether excessive erosion of the glenoid is associated with...