Although it is common to refer to “the bootstrap,” there are actually a great many different bootstrap methods that can be used in econometrics. We emphasize the use of bootstrap methods for inference, particularly hypothesis testing, and we also discuss bootstrap confidence intervals. There are important cases in which bootstrap inference tends to be more accurate than asymptotic inference. Ho...

Purdue University and Texas A&M University Consider M-estimation in a semiparametric model that is characterized by a Euclidean parameter of interest and a nuisance function parameter. We show that, under general conditions, the bootstrap is asymptotically consistent in estimating the distribution of the Mestimate of Euclidean parameter; that is, the bootstrap distribution asymptotically imitat...

The fundamental bootstrap assumption is that the bootstrap approximates reality; that the sampling distribution of a statistic under the empirical distribution F̂ approximates the sampling distribution under the true (unknown) distribution. A natural way to test this is to investigate how the bootstrap distribution varies when F̂ is replaced by other distributions. Iterated bootstrapping, jackkni...

results slow and fast-growing groups of the mycobacterium strains were clearly differentiated based on the constructed tree of 56 common mycobacterium isolates. each species with a unique title in the tree was identified; in total, 13 nods with a bootstrap value of over 50% were supported. among the slow-growing group was mycobacterium kansasii, with m. tuberculosis in a cluster with a bootstra...