Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) followed by exposure to a hypoxic condition (8% oxygen for 10 or 15 min) was performed in postnatal day 4 SD rats. Brain injury and myelination changes were examined on postnatal day 21 (P21) and tests for neurobehavioral toxicity were performed from P3 to P21. BCAO followed by 10 or 15 min hypoxic insult resulted in mild and severe, respectively, brain...

Cooling to 33.5°C in babies with neonatal encephalopathy significantly reduces death and disability, however additional therapies are needed to maximize brain protection. Following hypoxia-ischemia we assessed whether inhaled 45-50% Argon from 2-26h augmented hypothermia neuroprotection in a neonatal piglet model, using MRS and aEEG, which predict outcome in babies with neonatal encephalopathy,...

ABSTRACT Goldfish are one of a few species able to avoid cellular damage during month-long periods in severely hypoxic environments. By suppressing action potentials excitatory glutamatergic neurons, the goldfish brain decreases its overall energy expenditure. Coincident with reductions O2 availability is natural decrease reactive oxygen (ROS) generation, which has been proposed function as par...

Background: Intracranial hypertension (IH) is a secondary clinical condition due to the loss of brain compensatory mechanisms, leading increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and changes in cerebral blood flow, which can result hypoxia, injury, herniation. Brain4care (b4c) device that explores variations compliance allows measurement ICP non-invasive serial way, addition, it predict evolution tre...

The present study applied T2- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to examine if mild cerebral edema and subsequent brain swelling are implicated in the pathophysiology of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Twenty-two subjects were examined in normoxia (21% O2), after 16 hours passive exposure to normobaric hypoxia (12% O2) corresponding to a simulated altitude of 4,500 m and after 6 h...

We examined the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) on the hemodynamics of systemic circulation in rat. Chronic IH has no effect on the hemodynamics in the normoxia condition, but it could effectively prevent the fall of hemodynamics during acute hypoxia.

It has been reported that both activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and acid-sensing ion channels during cerebral ischemic insult contributed to brain injury. But which of these two molecular targets plays a more pivotal role in hypoxia-induced brain injury during ischemia is not known. In this study, the neuroprotective effects of an acid-sensing cation channel blocker and an N-methyl-...

Cerebral microvessel endothelial cells that form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have tight junctions (TJ) that are critical for maintaining brain homeostasis and low permeability. Both integral (claudin-1 and occludin) and membrane-associated zonula occluden-1 and -2 (ZO-1 and ZO-2) proteins combine to form these TJ complexes that are anchored to the cytoskeletal architecture (actin). Disruption...

Oxygen is vital for the development and survival of mammals. In response to hypoxia, the brain initiates numerous adaptive responses at the organ level as well as at the molecular and cellular levels, including the alteration of gene expression. Astrocytes play critical roles in the proper functioning of the brain; thus the manner in which astrocytes respond to hypoxia is likely important in de...

Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) is a cellular DNA sensor of the innate immune system. TLR9 is widely expressed in a number of tumors, including brain cancer; however, little is known regarding its regulation and involvement in cancer pathophysiology. The present study demonstrated that hypoxia upregulates and downregulates TLR9 expression in human brain cancer cells in vitro, in a cell-specific man...