purpose: to report three cases of classic cranial syndromes with involvement of the third and sixth nerves with comparison of their clinical and radiological findings and results of treatment. case report: three patients were referred to labbafinejad strabismus clinic because of diplopia and eye deviation after an attack of eclampsia (one case) and head trauma (two cases). they had extraocular ...

Neurotrophins including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF, have critical roles in neuronal differentiation, cell survival, and synaptic function the peripheral central nervous system. It is well known that a variety of intracellular signaling stimulated by TrkB, high-affinity receptor for involved physiological pathological aspects via affecting viability, function, neurogenesis, cognitiv...

Bulbospinal noradrenergic pathways are shown to have an important role in descending inhibition of pain sensation. Locus ceruleus (LC), as a rich noradrenergic nucleus in the brain stem which has projections into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, was evaluated for antinociceptive activity by using tonic and phasic pain models in the rat. LC-lesioned rats demonstrated moderate increase in ...

Meningioma is considered as a benign central nervous system tumor that accounts for approximately 18% of all brain tumors. About 5% of meningioma tumors are malignant and have more aggressive clinical signs and worse prognosis compared to benign tumors. Extracranial metastasis of meningioma is rare but in the case of occurrence, it is more prevalent in lung, liver and lymph nodes. Osseous metas...

Involvement of the brain and meninges is rare in cases of Wegener granulomatosis, occurring in 2% to 8% of cases. Meningeal involvement in association with Wegener granulomatosis has scarcely been reported as being confined to the dura mater of brain on images and is thought to represent granulomatous infiltration. There are a few reported cases of Wegener granulomatosis that document involveme...