An 18-year-old male patient was referred with an atypical form of vascular ring consisting of a right aortic arch, a right descending aorta, a persistent right ligamentum arteriosum, and a dilated right pulmonary artery in the setting of discontinuous pulmonary arteries with a single functional right lung. The initial presentation was that of pneumonia of the right lung and later evaluation rev...

Lung volume reduction surgery is a thoracic surgical procedure whereby the hyperexpanded lungs of patients with severe emphysema are reduced in size by surgical excision of, ideally, the areas that are most severely destroyed. This operation, usually done bilaterally and almost always by video-assisted thoracoscopy, substantially improves pulmonary function, dyspnoea, and quality of life in app...

Emphysema sequentially leads to the loss of gas exchanging surface and an abnormal shape diaphragm generating dyspnea refractory standard medical therapy. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is a surgical treatment option for patients with severe emphysema whose symptoms are uncontrolled on Bronchoscopic LVR (bLVR) process by which lung achieved in minimally invasive manner using bronchoscopy-...

Open lung biopsy is frequently performed as an emergency procedure in patients with undiagnosed bilateral diffuse pulmonary disease. In many situations, this procedure is undertaken in hemodynamically compromised or septic patients. An expeditious and simple technique to make an accurate diagnosis would be extremely advantageous. Biopsy of the lingular segment addresses most of these issues. Li...

There are limited therapies for severe emphysema. Bronchoscopic treatments of emphysema were introduced to achieve the beneficial physiological changes seen in surgical lung volume reduction; however, at the present time these treatments are mostly aimed at improving quality of life and functional status in patients with emphysema. At this time, none of these minimally invasive approaches have ...

A 40 year old diabetic man with pulmonary actinomycosis was admitted to hospital with recurrent haemoptysis. The chest radiograph showed an air meniscus in the left upper lobe, a rare presentation of pulmonary actinomycosis. Bronchoscopic examination revealed a mass in a cavity which has never been reported previously. He underwent lobectomy and the surgical specimen revealed sulphur granules, ...

When choosing the best method to undertake a biopsy of a lesion in the lung or mediastinum, it is important to consider the entire range of possible options, such as surgical, bronchoscopic/endoscopic, and radiologic techniques. Features to be considered include the anatomic location of the lesion, the amount of tissue needed, cost, availability of specific techniques, safety and risks, and exp...

Patients with tracheal involvement from primary or secondary neoplasms usually present with relatively nonspecific symptoms of cough, wheeze, and shortness of breath. Prompt diagnosis often requires a high index of suspicion. Tomography or computed tomography of the chest will often confirm the presence of a tracheal lesion. A detailed rigid bronchoscopic assessment by an experienced thoracic s...