A generalized multiport network analyzer implemented using commercially available hardware is presented. Measurement calibration is accomplished through a novel calibration procedure which requires only conventional standards used for two-port calibrations, The calibration theory accounts for the errors due to the signal switching network but does not systematically remove errors due to signal ...

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy was measured on duplicate libraries deposited on Si (without BiVO4) due to the overlap between the Ce Lα line (4.839 kV) from the coating and the V Kα line (4.952 kV) from the BiVO4. The x-ray beam was approximately 2 mm in diameter. Since the XRF sampling depth far exceeds the film thickness, XRF counts for each element were assumed to be proportional to t...

− The influence of Rockwell and Vickers diamond indenters geometry in hardness measurements justifies the strict specifications and tolerances in the relative standards. Many methods, and consequently dedicated instruments, have been developed to investigate the geometrical parameters in order to calibrate the diamond indenters. Most of them, using contact or contactless methods, can only inves...

Power quality analyses in the last years has assumed more and more heaviness in industrial environments, due to the presence of non-linear loads: they require suitable and precise measuring instrumentation. Nevertheless, while there are lots of power quality standards fixing high frequency limits for harmonic analyses, there is a lack of standards concerning transducers calibration at amplitude...

Remotely sensed satellite data can provide spatial and temporal coverage for global environmental monitoring. Calibration and validation are very important for more accurate satellite products and can contribute to the detection of climate changes on earth. Calibration and validation of satellite products normally use both ground-based and satellite-based data, which have geospatial metainforma...

A new method for determining the temperature calibration function for a high-temperature X-ray diffraction stage is described. This method utilizes the relative thermal expansion of two diffraction peaks, either for peaks from a mixture of phases, or from a single phase that has anisotropic thermal expansion. A calibration function is derived from data at many temperatures and collected over a ...

Context. One of the key ingredients in establishing the relation between input signal and output flux from a spectrometer is accurate determination of the spectrophotometric calibration. In the case of spectrometers onboard satellites, the accuracy of this part of the calibration pedigree is ultimately linked to the accuracy of the set of reference spectral energy distributions (SEDs) that the ...

--The electrical International System of Units (SI) are defined and realized as DC electrical quantities. National Institute for Standards (NIS), Egypt maintains the DC voltage unit by using the DC Josephson Voltage Standard (JVS) as a primary standard for DC voltage adding to eight zener diode reference standards as DC voltage secondary standards. The JVS is used to provide traceability of ele...

The NIST calibration service for ac-dc difference of thermal current converters relies on multijunction thermal converters as the primary standards, and various thermal converters and thermoelements (TEs) as the reference and working standards. Calibrations are performed by comparing the ac-dc difference of a customer's thermal current converter to the ac-dc difference of a NIST standard curren...

A new measurement set-up for calibration of secondary DC voltage standards at the level of 1.018 V has been developed by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). A metrological validation process was developed to ensure the correct operation of the new set-up and to demonstrate its consistency with the previous set-up. Firstly, a direct comparison of two primary voltage standards s...