A technique is described for studying the respiratory function of the placenta using carbon monoxide, a gas whose exchange across the placenta between the maternal and fetal circulations is limited by diffusion rather than blood flow. During the steady state before the introduction of CO, the normal concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the ewe, [COHb](M), is approximately 0.90%, and that in th...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of octreotide treatment on hepatic heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, together with the influence of altered hepatic HO-1 expression levels on hepatic function and fibrosis in bile duct-ligated rats. The rats were divided randomly into sham, cirrhotic, cobalt protoporphyrin and octreotide treatment groups. The expression levels of hep...

Carbon monoxide (CO) confers anti-inflammatory protection in rodent models of lung injury when applied at low concentration. Translation of these findings to clinical therapies for pulmonary inflammation requires validation in higher mammals. We have evaluated the efficacy of inhaled CO in reducing LPS-induced lung inflammation in cynomolgus macaques. LPS inhalation resulted in profound neutrop...

BACKGROUND Carbon monoxide (CO) is known as a leading cause of unintentional poisoning death in many countries. Diagnosis is usually made by measuring carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), but due to the non-specific symptoms, the crucial step is considering CO poisoning. A possible solution might be screening emergency department (ED) patients. A cutaneous sensor that measures oxygen and CO saturation sim...

Acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) are derived to protect the human population from adverse health effects in case of single exposure due to an accidental release of chemicals into the atmosphere. AEGLs are set at three different levels of increasing toxicity for exposure durations ranging from 10 min to 8 h. In the AEGL setting for methylene chloride, specific additional topics had to be ...

BACKGROUND Highway vehicle CO emissions have decreased 85% since introduction of the catalytic converter in 1975. We sought to examine whether morbidity and mortality from intentional motor vehicle-related CO poisoning have also changed. METHODS Vehicle CO emissions data from 1970-2013 were obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention...

Despite the lack of evidence, many reports exist which have implied that smokers inhale low-yield cigarette smoke more deeply than that of high-yield cigarettes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term switching between smoker's own brand and test cigarettes with different smoke yields on puffing topography, respiratory parameters and biomarkers of exposure. Part...

To determine whether smoking more, compared to less, potent marijuana (MJ) cigarettes to a desired level of intoxication ("high") reduces pulmonary exposure to noxious smoke components, in 10 habitual smokers of MJ, we measured respiratory delivery and deposition of tar and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) boost, smoking topography, including cumulative puff volume (C...

INDIAN PEDIATRICS 291 VOLUME 41MARCH 17, 2004 A 12-year-old boy was brought unconscious to our casualty nearly 12 hours after he fell asleep in a covered tractor, close to a working generator. He was normotensive, had decerebrate rigidity, equal and reacting pupils, normal optic fundi and no focal deficits. Pulse oximetry showed 95% saturation. ECG revealed sinus tachycardia. Liver and kidney f...

Methylene chloride (MeCl(2)) is a clear colorless volatile sweet smelling lipophilic solvent used as a constituent of wood vanishes and paints. Human exposure is mainly due to inhalation and its biotransformation by the hepatic mixed function oxidases (MFO) leads to formation of carbon monoxide (CO). Simultaneous exposure to MeCl(2) and increased ambient CO results in undesirably increased carb...