______________________________________________________________ It is well known that the Spanish Monarchy found out some problems in its monetary system. So far, almost all the studies have been concentrated in the billon problem and inflation. However, small and large silver coins had also problems to circulate together in Castile. Without small change, among other consequences, it was more di...

Many studies show the close relationship that exists between text and illustration. In case of travel literature, this is much closer, because for most authors type illustration as necessary to convey reader wonderful reality they have experienced far home. On many occasions it was writer who illustrated book, but on others commissioned work a professional illustrator. The Louisa Tenison catche...

The Romanesque churches dotted along the Way of Saint James are magnificent examples cultural heritage, and their analysis from perspective astronomy may, in an unobtrusive manner, provide information hitherto unexplored facets these treasures. This study aims to examine pilgrimage road as a communication channel seek possible regional variations Christian kingdoms Leon, Castile, Navarre Aragon...

In May 1561, King Philip II informed the town hall of Madrid that he had chosen their as site for his royal residence and court. That year, city was swiftly transformed into Catholic king’s court heart vast monarchy. It also became principal political cultural space nobility. Yet greatest noble houses, particularly those in Castile, were initially resistant to establishment a sedentary continue...

According to medieval records, on 1 June 949 a devastating wildfire swept across the northern Meseta, with notable intensity in Bureba region of northeastern Castile. This study examines possible causes conflagration special emphasis anthropogenic factors. In more modern and better documented conflagrations, human mismanagement woodland, leading disastrous build up fuel years before fire, is co...

There are good reasons for taking another look at Guevara’s A una partida qu’el rey don Alfonso fizo de Arévalo. Brian Dutton, Ana María Rodado Ruiz, Óscar Perea Rodríguez and Vicenç Beltran concur that the poem concerns departure of Isabel Castile’s brother, Prince Afonso el Inocente, from Arévalo between 1465 1468, this is now generally accepted. However, Patrick Gallagher (1968: 190), in his...

International adoption is a social phenomenon that reached Spain in the late 1990s and peaked in the 2000s, ranking the country second in the world in the number of adoptions, only after the United States of America. At present, this trend has slowed down due to economic, bureaucratic or political circumstances. Now that the years have passed, we are able to observe the reality of adoption, or ...