introduction: different dosimetric modalities (e.g., ionization chambers, semiconductors, tlds, radiographic films) often have some problems determining isodose curves and percentage depth doses in high dose gradient regions. research has been ongoing to develop portable high resolution dosimetry devices with accurate absolute dosimetry capabilities and easy data analysis. the ‘presage’ dosimet...

Rhodamine B (RhB) is a water-soluble fluorescent dye that is often used to determine flux and flow direction in biotechnological and environmental applications. In the current research, RhB in soluble (termed free) and virus-bound (termed nano-bound) forms was used as an efficiency indicator for three environmental processes. The degradation of free and nano-bound RhB by (i) direct UV photolysi...

Ammonium monovanadate (NH4VO3) has been devoted as an efficient, commercially available, eco-friendly and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs), oxindole derivatives and also Michael adducts of indoles at 50 °C under solvent-free conditions. The reusability of this solid acid catalyst in addition with its selectivity has also been examined.

CuO-CeO2 nanocomposite is reported as a green and highly efficient recyclable catalyst for the multicomponent  synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones under solvent-free conditions. The catalyst was synthesized by co-precipitation method and characterized by XRD, BET specific surface area, FESEM and EDS analysis.

Nano-silica supported boron trifluoride (BF3.SiO2) is an efficient, reusable and eco-friendly catalyst for chemoselective thioacetalization of aldehydes and ketones. So, this catalyst was applied for transthioacetalization of acetals and acylals into their corresponding 1,3-dithiolanes or 1,3-dithianes  in good to excellent yields. The reactions were carried out at room temperature under solven...

Montmorillonite modified is an efficient environmental friendly catalyst under one-pot-three-component synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H) ones. The preparation was performed with an aldehyde, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, urea or thiourea under solvent-free conditions. In comparison with the other methods of Biginelli reaction, this new method has short reaction time inexpensive catalyst and ...

Molybdate sulfuric acid (MSA) has been prepared and used as catalyst for the Biginelli synthesis of some quinazolinones/thiones under solvent-free conditions. The catalyst loading is low and it shows recyclability. This method has advantages such as avoidance of the organic solvents, high yield of pure products, short reaction times and operational simplicity.

Phosphorus pentoxide used on alumina (P2O5/Al2O3) as an inexpensive, eco-friendly and non-toxic acid catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes via multi-component reactions under solvent-free conditions. The present approach offers several advantages such as short reaction times, high yields, easy purification, recovery and reusability of the catalyst.

Caro’s acid-silicagel was found to be a mild and effective catalyst for the one –pot multicomponent condensation of benzyl, aldehydes and ammonium acetate used for synthesis of 2, 4, 5-trisubstituted imidazole derivatives under solvent–free conditions. This catalyst has several advantages such as simple work-up, low cost and reusability.

Nano-cellulose with high amount of free OH groups could be used as supporting agents for boron trifluoride (BF3). Nano-BF3/cellulose is a solid acid and a biodegradable catalyst which was prepared via reaction of nano-cellulose and BF3. The structure of this catalyst was studied by FT-IR, FESEM, TEM, XRD, EDS, TGA, XRF and BET. In this research, the synthesis of...