Introduction.-Chemical and biological warfare has been increasing in the news. There are numerous issues. Among these are research and development and especially open-air testing, Congressional appropriations, ratifying the 1925 Geneva Protocol, using tear gas in Vietnam, Presidential policy reviews, and the chemical-biological disarmament treaty recently proposed by the Soviets. All of us seek...

It is impossible to forecast the initiation and detailed conduct of a nuclear war. Despite this fact, all nations with nuclear weapons have elaborate plans for the deployment, targeting-and firing-of their warheads. Because of the reality of massiv~ nuclear arsenals, and the unprecedented nature of nuclear conflict, many strategists believe that almost any use of nuclear weapons could escalate ...

background: about 100,000 iranian have been exposed to chemical weapons during iraq‑iran conflict (1980‑88). after being spent of more than two decades, still about 30,000 of them are under follow‑up treatment. the main aim of this study was to review various preventive and therapeutic methods for injured patients with sulfur mustard in different phases. methods: for gathering information, we h...

War needs science and advanced technology to evolve. Until the time of technological revolution, war did not have such a large-scale cover whole world. But nowadays, communication became tool that determines potential expanding threats. Modern military forces can change an environment faster than ever, but in decentralized area, army is unnecessary war. This article shows concept new idea as ci...

In this paper we follow our earlier work on the mathematical and computational modeling of biological warfare and its potential extensions to nuclear terrorism. In particular we review Dr. Parnell's earlier critique of the proper and improper use of probabilities, scenarios and the emergent properties of terrorism undertaken in conjunction with the National we extend the argument that: ―The DHS...

sulfur mustard has been employed in chemical warfare in certain regions including iran. the short and long term biological effects of sulfur mustard contamination have been studied in both basic and clinical aspects. sulfur mustard has been shown to induce a vast array of pathological effects in affected persons. in addition to skin, lung, eyes and gastrointestinal disturbances, sulfur mustard ...

On 4 January 2016, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in The Hague announced that the process of destroying Syrian chemical weapons had been completed. Despite that declaration of success, problems obviously persist. Since April 2014, the civil war parties have accused each other in more than one hundred cases of having used chemical weapons. In more than twenty inc...

©2003 EUROPEAN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ORGANIZATION EMBO reports VOL 4 | special issue | 2003 S57 Rapid developments in biotechnology, genetics and genomics are undoubtedly creating a variety of environmental, ethical, political and social challenges for advanced societies. But they also have severe implications for international peace and security because they open up tremendous avenues for the crea...

T his year, on 17 June, the Geneva Protocol, an international treaty prohibiting the use of asphyxiating or poisonous gases and bacteriological methods of warfare, turned 80 years of age. It was fostered in part by a 1918 appeal in which the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) described the use of poisonous gas against soldiers as a " barbarous invention which science is bringing to...