the activation of carbon monoxide by oxygen on mg(100) surface has been investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (xps). carbon monoxide is only weakly adsorbed (dispersion-type forces) on a magnesium surface. the xps result has shown that the dissociation of carbon monoxide leading to the formation of a metastable surface carbonate species occurs through the participation of an oxygen s...

Mutualisms present a challenge for evolutionary theory. How is cooperation maintained in the face of selection for selfishness and cheating? Both theory and data suggest that partner choice, where one species preferentially directs aid to the more cooperative members of the other species, is central to cooperation in many mutualisms. However, the theory has only so far considered the evolutiona...

In many vertebrate systems, early experience has been linked to the learning of speciesspecific traits that are subsequently assessed during mate choice, thus ensuring conspecific matings. In invertebrate systems, however, early experience was not thought to play a role in mate choice until a recent study using Schizocosa uetzi Stratton 1997 wolf spiders demonstrated that females mate more read...

Study on relationships between a species with its surrounding biotic and abiotic environment provides valuable information in terms of optimum choice for utilization, propagation, breeding and domestication. In other words, ecological study of behavior as essential elements of their ecosystems and habitat characteristics in order to find appropriate solutions to maintain, revise and revitalize ...

test method facet is one of the factors which can have an influence on the test takers’ performance. the purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of two different response types, multiple-choice cloze and multiple-choice test, on the pre-intermediate and intermediate test takers’ reading comprehension performance. to this end, 40 pre-intermediate and intermediate learners par...

wetlands as a situ for the growth of native plants, as a habitat for certain species of fish and aquatic birds, and because of their potential economic, cultural and recreational services, are valuable heritage so their protection and conservation is very essential. mostly due to the absence of wetlands services’ valuation, lack of special regulations, and lack of guarantee for these properties...

‎Let ${X_{alpha}:alphainLambda}$ be a collection of topological spaces‎, ‎and $mathcal {G}_{alpha}$ be a grill on $X_{alpha}$ for each $alphainLambda$‎. ‎We consider Tychonoffrq{}s type Theorem for $X=prod_{alphainLambda}X_{alpha}$ via the above grills and a natural grill on $X$ ‎related to these grills, and present a simple proof to this theorem‎. ‎This immediately yields the classical theorem...