We present results from 2.5D numerical simulations of the emergence of magnetic flux from the upper convection zone through the photosphere and chromosphere into the corona. Certain regions of the solar atmosphere are at sufficiently low temperatures to be only partially ionised, in particular the lower chromosphere. This leads to Cowling resistivities orders of magnitude larger than the Coulom...

We report on a signature of chromospheric downflows in two emerging-flux regions detected by time–distance helioseismology analysis. We use both chromospheric intensity oscillation data in the Ca ii H line and photospheric Dopplergrams in the Fe i 557.6nm line obtained by Hinode/SOT for our analyses. By cross-correlating the Ca ii oscillation signals, we have detected a travel-time anomaly in t...

The chromosphere is one of the most complex and dynamic layers solar atmosphere. phenomena occur on different spatial temporal scales, not only in active regions but also so-called quiet Sun. In this paper we review recent advances our understanding these that stem from analysis observations with Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). unprecedented sensitivity as well resolution A...