purpose: to evaluate the effects of smoking on the central corneal thickness (cct). methods: in a historical chohort analytic study, referred cases have been divided into two groups (cigarette smokers, and non–cigarette smokers).  laboratory tests including fasting blood sugar (fbs), blood urea nitrogen (bun); and blood pressure were checked. complete eye examination was performed. cct was meas...

INTRODUCTION The prevalence of adolescent electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased in most countries. This study aims to determine the relation between the frequency of e-cigarette use and the frequency and intensity of cigarette smoking. Additionally, the study evaluates the association between the reasons for e-cigarette use and the frequency of its use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Us...

The main objective of this research is to evaluate the social costs of monopoly in Iranian concentrated industries during 1996-2006. Leibenstein approach has been employed to evaluate the social costs. Leibenstein believed that most monopolistic industries operate inefficiently because of being in the safe margin. Hence, he proposed that the costs of inefficiency be added to the welfare triangl...

This paper analyses what kind of coordination between cells is necessary when using cellular manufacture compared to a production situation that is functionally organized. Three levels of coordination are distinguished: internal, horizontal and vertical. Two types of relations between units are considered: sequential and lateral. It is shown that there is a change in coordination requirement if...

Abstract Background Polytobacco product use is increasingly popular, but little known about the prevalence, trend, and factors of such particularly in non-western countries. Method A representative sample 1139 current cigarette smokers aged 15+ (84.1% male) were telephone interviewed Tobacco Control Policy-related Surveys 2015–2017. Information collected included poly-tobacco (PTU), smoking soc...

This paper attempts to explain the growth slowdown in Japan as a structural adjustment to the emergence of lower cost producers of manufacture goods. Prior to the 1990s Japan had achieved significant market power and hence profitability in producing various manufacture goods. This profitability led to an allocation of resources towards this sector; indeed, the fraction of resources in the manuf...

background: cigarette smoking is a worldwide social epidemic and it is one of the main causes of preventable death and disability. gingivitis, periodontitis, pocket depth, attachment loss, alveolar bone loss, and tooth loss are some of oral pathologies commonly found in cigarette smokers. the aim of this study was to explore, for the fi rst time among nigerians, the interplay between components...

BACKGROUND Not much is currently understood regarding the contexts of cigarette and e-cigarette use among dual users. Proper application of e-cigarettes to smoking cessation or tobacco harm reduction would require an understanding of when and why dual users use cigarettes versus e-cigarettes. This study sought to elucidate the contexts of cigarette versus e-cigarette use among dual users. MET...

The customized multiple arrays are becoming vastly used in microarray experiments for varies purposes, mainly for its ability to handle a large quantity of data and output high quality results. However, experimenters who use customized multiple arrays still face many problems, such as the cost and time to manufacture the masks, and the cost for production of the multiple arrays by costly machin...

Abstract Background: Opium-dependence having different effects on the nervous system is a common problem, especially in the Middle East and Iran. The aim of this study is evaluating the effects of opium-dependence on visual evoked potential (VEP) in men. Methods: Thirty subjects with both chronic cigarette smoking and opium-dependence (group 1) and 30 subjects with only chronic ciga...