RNA editing in higher plant plastids alters mRNA sequences by C-to-U conversions at highly specific sites through an unknown mechanism. To elucidate how the cytidine residues to be edited are specifically recognized and distinguished from other cytidines in close proximity, we have changed in vivo the distances of two plastid RNA-editing sites from their essential upstream cis-acting sequence e...

In latently infected neurons, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) expresses one abundant family of transcripts, the latency-associated transcripts (LATs). We demonstrate here that the sequence lying about 700 bp upstream of the 5' end of the HSV-2 major LAT acts as a very strong promoter in transient expression assays in both neuronal and nonneuronal cells. Transcription starts about 27 to 32 b...

The regulation of osteocalcin gene expression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is mediated by the vitamin D receptor and a cis-acting DNA response element that has been identified within the 5' region of the osteocalcin promoter. In this report, we show that vitamin D receptors derived from nuclear extracts of mammalian cells bind directly to this cis-acting element in vitro and do so in a manner re...

To identify cis-acting elements in the foamy virus (FV) RNA pregenome, we developed a transient-vector-production system based on cotransfection of indicator gene-bearing vector and gag-pol and env expression plasmids. Two elements which were critical for vector transfer were found and mapped approximately. The first element was located in the RU5 leader and the 5' gag region (approximately up ...

Transcription of the POL1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes DNA polymerase alpha, the DNA polymerase required for the initiation of DNA replication, has previously been shown to be cell cycle regulated. To understand how the POL1 gene senses cell cycle position, we have investigated the cis-acting elements that respond to the factors that govern cell cycle progression. In this rep...

BACKGROUND At least three cis-acting regulatory elements are required for expression of the rat atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) gene. One distal cis-acting regulatory element lies more than 640 base pairs from the transcription initiation site. METHODS AND RESULTS In this report, we identify two other proximal regulatory elements that lie within 609 base pairs of the transcription initiation ...

PIN-formed (PIN) proteins are important auxin carriers that participate in the polar distribution of plants. In this study, 16 ZaPIN genes were identified from whole genome Zanthoxylum armatum DC. The physicochemical properties and structure PIN determined, gene sequences promoter regions analyzed to identify cis-acting elements conserved motifs. transcript profiles different tissues response g...

The Mediator complex controls transcription of most eukaryotic genes with individual subunits required for the control particular gene regulons in response to various perturbations. In this study, we reveal roles plant MED16, MED14, and MED2 regulating phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) determine which cis elements are under their control. Using synthetic promoter reporters established an effecti...

To explore the mechanism of shear stress-induced downregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression in murine endothelial cells (ECs), we examined the effect of shear stress on VCAM-1 gene transcription and assessed the cis-acting elements involved in this phenomenon. VCAM-1 mRNA expression was downregulated at the transcriptional level as defined by nuclear run-on assay an...