Social class differences in civic engagement persist for both youth and adults. Althoughempiricalevidence ismixed, several recentsocial changespertainingtoyouthsuggest that social inequalities in civic engagement may be growing over time for young people. Using data from theNational Election Study, we compared trends for youth and older adults of varying education levels and tested the hypothes...

COHABITATION Cohabitation is defined by social scientists as two adults of the opposite sex living together in an intimate, nonmarital relationship. Cohabitation has rapidly become a prominent feature on the landscape of American family life. Using the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), Kennedy and Bumpass (2007) estimated that 58% of women aged between 25 and 29 had cohabited at som...

As one of the motivational theories which define both values and attitudes beyond personal as well as organizational benefits, Public Service Motivation (PSM) model aims to underscore the appreciation of individuals with regard to public interests. If PSM pattern being optional is synchronized with civic-organizational behavior, its effectiveness is manifested in improving service quality. The ...

KEY WORDS heat shock proteins; cytokines; heat shock factor t has become clear in recent years that, heat shock proteins (hsps) play a major role in the acute in-flammatory response and inflammatory diseases. 1,z Heat shock proteins were originally characterized as a highly conserved group of proteins involved in the response of cellular organisms to stresses such as heat shock. 3,4 These prote...

citizenship is one of the most important sociopolitical concepts that have full of ups and downs along the history and thinkers and scholars interested in socio culture issues have been challenged and discussed since ancient times. this concept consists of a set of rights and obligations that member of society have in related to each other, entities, and society. the aim of the research is to i...